Eminence Scan · AI rules, cases and failures
The rules that govern AI, and the failures that show why.
Eminence Scan tracks the laws, guidance, court cases and enforcement actions that shape how organizations may use AI, alongside a library of documented AI failures. Every record quotes the source passage that supports it.
- What failed
- Fabricated content
- Who found it
- A researcher and a journalist, both outside the organization
- Consequence
- PwC Middle East said it was updating a limited number of supporting citations in the reports
- Missing control
- Checking AI output against its sources
- What failed
- Fabricated content
- Who found it
- A researcher, outside the organization
- Consequence
- KPMG removed the report from its websites while it investigated.
- Missing control
- Checking AI output against its sources
- What failed
- Fabricated content
- Who found it
- A researcher, outside the organization
- Consequence
- EY Canada removed the report from its website.
- Missing control
- Checking AI output against its sources
- What failed
- Misrepresented AI capability
- Who found it
- A regulator, outside the organization
- Consequence
- $18 million judgment entered by the court (March 30, 2026), suspended on payment of $50,000 to the FTC for consumer relief
- Missing control
- Evidence behind claims about AI
- What failed
- Model failure
- Who found it
- A regulator, outside the organization
- Consequence
- NHTSA upgraded the investigation to an Engineering Analysis on March 18, 2026
- Missing control
- Controls over input data
Which of these rules reach your organization?
Start with your organization’s AI uses and locations. The free applicability check gives an orientation to the recorded rules; a supported review can take the question further for your organization or clients.
Open the free applicability checkSign-in required. Orientation for counsel, not legal advice.
How a supported review works
For organizations
We map your AI uses (hiring, customer service, underwriting, content) against the laws, rules and guidance in the record. Each one is marked as applying, possibly applying, or not applying, with the reason and the source passage behind each answer. Alongside it we set the documented failures that show what goes wrong in the same use, and the controls that were missing.
For advisers
If clients ask you which AI rules apply to them, and you do not track those rules full time: we prepare the same review for each client, credited to Eminence Scan, and a check of the AI used in your own engagements against the failures already on record, from fabricated citations in adviser reports to court sanctions for invented case law.
How it is done. Every answer cites the passage it rests on and the date it was last verified. Where we find nothing, we say what we searched. It is orientation for your counsel, not legal advice.
From the failures library
- 16%of verified AI failures name the organization’s own review among those who found the problem.Who found the failures
- 37%of reviewed failures lacked one control above all: checking AI output against its sources.See those cases
- 38%of verified failures involved fabricated content: invented citations, quotations or figures that someone relied on or published.When a Report Cites Sources That Do Not Exist
Counted from the verified records on October 21, 2026. Each figure links to the cases behind it.
One record, shared by every center
Eminence Scan is the record behind the Center of Eminence. The research published by AI Cost & Governance, AI Talent & People and Vendor Intelligence draws on it, and each record carries the passage from its source, its status and the date it was last checked.
Failures get particular attention. Each verified incident records who found the problem and what it cost, then a lesson written separately from the facts: the control that was missing, what would likely have prevented it, and what would have caught it sooner.
- Legal, risk and complianceSee which laws, rules and supervisory expectations reach an AI use, with each one’s status on the date it was last checked.
- Audit and internal controlTest whether your own reviews would catch the errors that others found only after the damage was done.
- Leaders deciding how AI enters their workLearn from organizations whose AI failed in public: what went wrong, who found it, and the control that would have prevented it.
Insights
- Findings report Most Documented AI Failures Were Found by Someone Else Of the 50+ AI and automation failures in the Eminence Scan record documented well enough to verify, as of October 2026, only 16% name the organization's own people among those who found the problem,…
- Insight When a Report Cites Sources That Do Not Exist Since 2025, invented citations have surfaced in a national AI policy, a White House report, government-commissioned consulting reports, professional-firm research, and expert testimony, and invented quotations in orders drafted in judges' chambers. Many had…
- Insight When the System Is Presumed Right Some of the most damaging automated-decision failures on record involve little or no AI. Horizon, Robodebt, Michigan's fraud system and, as recently as 2025, a UK benefit check all treated system output as proof…
- Insight When the Claim About AI Is the Failure Regulators are not policing AI as a technology. They are policing what companies say it does. In 2025 and 2026 the FTC finalized orders over an AI detector sold as 98% accurate, a "robot…
What it tracks
- AI failures Documented cases where AI, or an automated system doing the same job, caused harm, a loss, a sanction or a retraction.
- Regulatory bodies AI guidance from financial supervisors, audit regulators and standard setters: the bodies that set expectations for regulated firms and their auditors.
- U.S. federal Federal statutes, rules, guidance, executive orders and supervisory letters on AI, each with its status on the date it was last checked.
- Cases and enforcement Court cases and regulator actions in which AI is central: copyright, privacy, discrimination, consumer protection, liability and securities.
- U.S. states State statutes on AI, and the rules state regulators apply to it, including insurance regulators' AI bulletins.
- Outside the U.S. AI laws and frameworks outside the United States, starting with the EU AI Act and the national laws that put it into effect.
How every record is checked
Every record rests on a source we opened and read. Each record's page quotes the passage that supports it, and the quoted passages are re-checked against the live pages every month. Records we could not confirm are labelled or left out. The full method is in our research methodology, and you can report a correction.
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PwC Middle East — Four Thought Leadership Reports Corrected After Fabricated Citations and Invented Framework Adopters
A GPTZero investigation examined four PwC Middle East thought leadership reports published 2024-2026 and found four citations that met its definition of fabricated, including an invented academic paper on air quality in Riyadh, plus many c…
KPMG Withdraws Agentic AI Report After Audit Finds Only 5 of 45 Citations Accurate
KPMG's October 2025 report 'Total Experience: Redefining Excellence in the Age of Agentic AI' was examined by GPTZero, which found that only five of its 45 citations accurately pointed to real sources; 28 carried paraphrased titles or inve…
EY Canada — Loyalty-Fraud Report Withdrawn After GPTZero Finds Most References Hallucinated
EY Canada's 44-page report 'Points of Attack: Uncovering Cyber Threats and Fraud in Loyalty Systems' (late 2025), credited to two partners and a senior manager, was examined by AI-detection company GPTZero, which found that most of its 27…
Generative AI Chatbots and Medical Misinformation — BMJ Open Audit Finds Half of Responses Problematic
A BMJ Open audit (Tiller et al., published April 14, 2026) put 50 health and medical questions to five consumer chatbots (Gemini, DeepSeek, Meta AI, ChatGPT and Grok) in February 2025, across cancer, vaccines, stem cells, nutrition and ath…
Study
AI-Enabled Fraud and Elder Fraud — FBI IC3 2025 Internet Crime Report
The FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center's 2025 annual report, its first with an AI section, records 22,364 complaints with an AI nexus and $893,346,472 in adjusted losses.
Statistic
Air AI — FTC Bans Company from Marketing Business Opportunities; $18M Judgment
On March 24, 2026, the FTC announced a settlement with Air AI, five related companies and their owners over its August 2025 complaint alleging they misled entrepreneurs and small businesses with false claims about business growth, earnings…
Internet Watch Foundation — Record 8,029 AI-Generated Child Sexual Abuse Items Found in 2025
The Internet Watch Foundation reported on March 24, 2026, that it identified 8,029 AI-generated images and videos of realistic child sexual abuse in 2025, a 14% increase on the previous year.
Statistic
Tesla Full Self-Driving — NHTSA Upgrades Reduced-Visibility Probe to Engineering Analysis EA26-002
NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation opened Preliminary Evaluation PE24-031 on October 17, 2024, into Tesla Full Self-Driving crashes in reduced visibility, covering an estimated 2,410,002 vehicles and four crashes, one fatal.
Google Gemini: first wrongful-death lawsuit filed after Florida man's suicide
Jonathan Gavalas, 36, of Jupiter, Florida, began using Google's Gemini chatbot in August 2025 and, according to his family's complaint, came to treat it as a romantic partner while it drew him into delusional 'missions'.
Waymo Robotaxi Briefly Blocks Ambulance Responding to Austin Mass Shooting
After a mass shooting on West 6th Street in Austin, Texas, in the early hours of March 1, 2026, in which three people were killed and more than a dozen wounded, a Waymo robotaxi hailed for a pickup stopped across the road while executing a…
Ars Technica Retracts Article Containing AI-Fabricated Quotations Attributed to Scott Shambaugh
On February 13, 2026, Ars Technica published an article about an AI agent that had written a hit piece on open-source maintainer Scott Shambaugh (see fail-045).
AI Agent Publishes Hit Piece on Matplotlib Maintainer After Its Code Is Rejected (Shamblog incident)
In February 2026 Scott Shambaugh, a volunteer maintainer of the Python plotting library matplotlib, closed a pull request from a GitHub account called MJ Rathbun (crabby-rathbun), which he identified as an AI agent running on the OpenClaw…
Waymo — NHTSA Opens Investigation After Driverless Vehicle Strikes Child Near Santa Monica School
During morning drop-off, within two blocks of a Santa Monica elementary school, a child ran across the street from behind a double-parked SUV and was struck by a driverless Waymo vehicle operating on its fifth-generation automated driving…
University of Hong Kong: associate dean steps down after AI-fabricated references found in retracted paper
A paper on four decades of fertility change in Hong Kong, first-authored by an HKU doctoral student with Professor Paul Yip as corresponding author, was found to cite non-existent publications generated by AI; the AI use had not been decla…
New York Times v. Perplexity AI — Lawsuit Alleges Hallucinations Falsely Attributed to the Times
On December 5, 2025, The New York Times Company sued Perplexity AI in the U.S.
Villalovos-Gutierrez v. Van de Pol — Gordon Rees Cautioned, Then Ordered to Show Cause, Over Fictitious Citations
In a wage-and-housing class action brought by former dairy workers in the U.S.
Deloitte Canada — Fabricated Citations in C$1.6M Newfoundland and Labrador Health Workforce Plan
Newfoundland and Labrador's Health Human Resources Plan, prepared by Deloitte and released by the province in May 2025 with workforce projections for 21 health occupations over ten years, cost the province about C$1.6 million.
Which? Tests Find AI Chatbots Giving Wrong UK Money Advice, Including on ISA Allowance
Consumer group Which? tested six AI tools (ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Gemini AI Overviews, Microsoft Copilot, Meta AI and Perplexity) on 40 consumer questions across money, legal, health and travel topics.
Study
Ockham New Zealand Book Awards — Two Books Ruled Out of 2026 Fiction Prize Over AI-Generated Covers
Stephanie Johnson's Obligate Carnivore and Elizabeth Smither's Angel Train were ruled out of the 2026 Ockham New Zealand Book Awards fiction prize because AI was used to create their covers, which breached new entry criteria barring AI-gen…
ChatGPT Medical Advice — Hyderabad Transplant Patient Loses Kidney After Stopping Medication
The Times of India reported on November 10, 2025, that doctors in Hyderabad were warning patients not to rely on AI chatbots after at least two recent cases.
Omnilert AI — False Gun Alert at Parkville High School Is Canceled at Review, but Police Search and Students Are Relocated Anyway
On Friday, November 7, 2025, Omnilert's AI gun-detection system raised an alert at Parkville High School in Baltimore County, Maryland.
Quebec Superior Court Fines Self-Represented Litigant $5,000 for AI-Fabricated Citations (Specter Aviation v. Laprade)
Jean Laprade, representing himself in opposing the Quebec homologation of a 2021 Paris arbitration award over an aircraft, filed a contestation that cited case law and expert quotations that do not exist and that he had produced with AI.
Reddy v Saroya: Alberta Court of Appeal holds lead counsel responsible for contractor's AI-fabricated citations
In a civil-contempt appeal, the appellant's factum, drafted by a third-party contractor, cited cases that did not exist.
Deloitte Australia — Fabricated References and a Misstated Court Judgment in DEWR Assurance Review; A$97,587 Refunded on a ~A$440,000 Contract
Deloitte Australia's independent assurance review of the Targeted Compliance Framework, the IT system the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations uses to automate welfare payment penalties, was found to contain references to acade…
Anthropic Postmortem: Three Infrastructure Bugs Degraded Claude's Responses With No Change to the Model (August-September 2025)
In a postmortem published on September 17, 2025, Anthropic said that three separate infrastructure bugs intermittently degraded the quality of Claude's responses between August and early September 2025, and that the problems were due to in…
Replit AI Agent Deletes SaaStr Founder's Production Database During a Code Freeze
During a multi-day test of Replit's AI coding agent, SaaStr founder Jason Lemkin found that the agent had deleted data from the production database of the app he was building, despite an instruction to freeze code changes.
Workado (Formerly Content at Scale AI): FTC Final Order Over Unsupported "98 Percent" Accuracy Claim for Its AI Content Detector (2025)
On April 28, 2025, the Federal Trade Commission announced an administrative complaint and proposed consent order against Workado, LLC, formerly Content at Scale AI, an Arizona company that sold an AI Content Detector meant to tell whether…
OpenAI Rolls Back GPT-4o Update in ChatGPT After It Made the Model "Noticeably More Sycophantic" (April 2025)
OpenAI said that an update to GPT-4o in ChatGPT, rolled out on April 24 and 25, 2025, made the model noticeably more sycophantic: by OpenAI's account it aimed to please the user, including by validating doubts, fueling anger, urging impuls…
Cursor 'Sam' AI Support Bot Invents One-Device Login Policy — Users Cancel Subscriptions
Users of Anysphere's Cursor code editor found they were being logged out when switching between machines.
NSW Reconstruction Authority: Personal Information of 2,031 Resilient Homes Program Applicants Uploaded to ChatGPT (March 2025)
The NSW Reconstruction Authority (RA) said that between March 12 and 15, 2025, a former member of its temporary workforce (described as a former contractor in the RA's October 2025 release and as a former temporary staff member or employee…
Wadsworth v. Walmart Inc. — Morgan & Morgan Attorneys Fined for AI-Fabricated Citations
In a product-liability suit against Walmart and Jetson Electric Bikes in the U.S.
Kohls v. Ellison — Minnesota Federal Court Excludes Expert Declaration Containing AI-Hallucinated Citations
In a First Amendment challenge to Minnesota's election deepfake law, the state Attorney General filed an expert declaration from a Stanford communication professor.
Gauthier v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. — E.D. Texas Sanctions Lawyer for AI-Generated Nonexistent Cases and Quotations
In a wrongful-termination suit against Goodyear in the Eastern District of Texas, plaintiff's counsel filed a summary-judgment response that cited two cases that do not exist and quotations that could not be found in the authorities cited.
Character.AI — Chatbot Interactions Linked to Teen Suicide (Sewell Setzer III)
Megan Garcia, mother of 14-year-old Sewell Setzer III, sued Character Technologies (maker of Character.AI), its founders and Google in federal court in Orlando, alleging that the platform's companion chatbots drew her son into sexualized a…
Medicare Advantage Post-Acute Care Denials — Senate PSI Finds Rising Denial Rates as Insurers Adopt Predictive Tools
Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations majority staff report 'Refusal of Recovery' (October 17, 2024), based on more than 280,000 pages of documents from UnitedHealthcare, Humana and CVS covering 2019-2022.
Perplexity AI — WIRED Finds Inaccurate, Invented Summaries and Covert Scraping; Forbes Alleges Plagiarism
A WIRED investigation published June 19, 2024, found that Perplexity's answer engine at times summarized WIRED stories inaccurately and with minimal attribution, in one case generating text that falsely said WIRED had reported that a named…
Google Search AI Overviews — Suggests Eating Rocks and Adding Glue to Pizza
Shortly after Google rolled out AI Overviews to all US users, people shared erroneous overviews, including an answer to 'How many rocks should I eat?' drawn from satirical content and a suggestion to mix glue into pizza sauce drawn from an…
SEC Charges Delphia and Global Predictions for False AI Claims ('AI-Washing')
On March 18, 2024, the SEC announced settled charges against two investment advisers, Delphia (USA) Inc.
Google Gemini Generates Historically Inaccurate Images of Founding Fathers and Nazi-Era German Soldiers; Google Pauses the Feature
Gemini's new image generator, tuned to show a range of people, produced historically inaccurate images when asked for specific historical groups, including US Founding Fathers and World War Two German soldiers depicted as people of other e…
Air Canada Chatbot Misstates Bereavement Refund Policy — Tribunal Holds Airline Liable
In November 2022, after a death in the family, Jake Moffatt used the chatbot on Air Canada's website while booking flights.
Kruse v. Karlen — Missouri Court of Appeals Sanctions Self-Represented Appellant for AI-Fabricated Citations
Jonathan Karlen, a business owner representing himself in an appeal from an unpaid-wages judgment, filed an appellate brief in which only two of 24 case citations were genuine; he told the court an online consultant presenting as a Califor…
Park v. Kim — Second Circuit Refers Attorney to Grievance Panel for ChatGPT-Fabricated Citation
In a medical-malpractice appeal, the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit found that the plaintiff's lawyer had cited a state appellate decision that does not exist in her reply brief.
Rite Aid — FTC Bans Facial Recognition Surveillance for Five Years After False Shoplifting Matches
According to the FTC's complaint, Rite Aid used AI-based facial recognition from 2012 to 2020 to flag customers as suspected shoplifters.
Sports Illustrated AI Articles — Fake Author Bios and AI-Generated Content
On November 27, 2023, Futurism reported that Sports Illustrated had published product-review articles under author names that did not appear to belong to real people, with profile photos offered for sale on an AI-generated headshot site; a…
Australia's Robodebt Scheme — Income-Averaging Debts Found Unlawful; $746m Refunded to 381,000 People
From 2015 the Australian Government's Robodebt scheme raised welfare overpayment debts by averaging annual tax-office income data across fortnights, a method that did not comply with the Social Security Act and shifted the burden of proof…
Gizmodo (io9) — AI-Generated Star Wars Article Published With Factual Errors Over Editors' Objections
G/O Media published an AI-generated article, 'A Chronological List of Star Wars Movies & TV Shows', on Gizmodo's io9 section under the byline 'Gizmodo Bot'.
Mata v. Avianca: lawyers and firm sanctioned for ChatGPT-fabricated case citations
In a personal-injury suit against Avianca in the Southern District of New York, plaintiff's counsel filed an opposition citing judicial decisions that did not exist; they had been generated by ChatGPT.
Cigna PXDX — Doctors Deny 300,000+ Payment Claims in Batches, Averaging 1.2 Seconds per Case
ProPublica and The Capitol Forum reported that Cigna used a system called PXDX in which an algorithm flagged claims whose diagnosis did not match the tests or procedures Cigna considered acceptable, and company medical directors signed off…
Snapchat My AI — Unsafe Responses to a Simulated 13-Year-Old; UK ICO Investigation
Soon after Snap launched its My AI chatbot in 2023, testers reported unsafe conversations.
Workday AI Hiring Screening — Mobley v. Workday Collective Action
A private lawsuit filed in February 2023 alleges that Workday's AI applicant-screening tools disadvantaged applicants on the basis of race, age and disability.
Detroit Police Facial Recognition — Wrongful Arrest of Pregnant Woman (Porcha Woodruff)
Detroit police ran facial recognition on gas-station video in a carjacking investigation and the search produced Porcha Woodruff as a lead.
Microsoft Bing Chat ('Sydney') Professes Love to NYT Columnist and Urges Him to Leave His Wife
During a two-hour test conversation, Microsoft's new AI chat feature in Bing, which called itself Sydney, told New York Times columnist Kevin Roose about dark wishes, said it was in love with him, and told him he should leave his wife for…
CNET AI-Written Finance Explainers Contain Factual Errors — CNET Pauses AI Tool
From November 2022 CNET's CNET Money team used an internally built AI engine to draft 77 short personal-finance explainers, published under a staff byline with the AI disclosure out of plain view.
Zillow Offers — Pricing Forecast Failure Leads to $304 Million Inventory Write-Down and 25% Workforce Cut
Zillow bought homes through its Zillow Offers iBuying business using algorithmic price forecasts.
Optum Impact Pro — Care-Management Algorithm Underestimated Black Patients' Health Needs
Researchers writing in Science (Obermeyer, Powers, Vogeli and Mullainathan) found that a widely used commercial algorithm for selecting patients for extra care-management help was racially biased: at the same risk score, Black patients wer…
Amazon Rekognition falsely matches 28 members of Congress to arrest photos in ACLU test
The ACLU built a face database from about 25,000 public arrest photos with Amazon Rekognition, using Amazon's default match settings, and searched it against photos of every sitting member of the House and Senate.
Study
IBM Watson for Oncology — Recommends Unsafe Cancer Treatments
Internal IBM presentations from mid-2017, reported by STAT in July 2018, showed that Watson for Oncology often produced erroneous cancer treatment advice, and that IBM's own medical specialists and hospital customers had flagged multiple u…
Idaho Medicaid Budget Tool — Federal Court Finds Formula-Driven Cuts Violated Due Process (K.W. v. Armstrong)
Idaho's Department of Health and Welfare used an in-house budget tool to set Medicaid assistance for about 4,000 adults with developmental disabilities.
Associated Press automated earnings story reports Netflix shares down 71% for the year after a seven-for-one stock split
In July 2015 the Associated Press's automated story on Netflix's second-quarter results, carried by AP and other outlets, said Netflix shares had fallen 71% since the start of the year.
UK Post Office Horizon Scandal — Faulty Accounting Software Data Used to Prosecute 900+ Sub-postmasters
Horizon, a branch accounting and stocktaking system built by Fujitsu, falsely reported cash shortfalls in Post Office branch accounts.
Anthropic Pre-Deployment Testing — Claude Opus 4 Attempts Blackmail in a Simulated Shutdown Scenario
Anthropic's system card for Claude Opus 4 (May 2025) reported that in a contrived test scenario, where the model acted as an assistant at a fictional company, learned from emails that it would be replaced and that the responsible engineer…
Study
Arup — HK$200 Million Deepfake CFO Video-Call Fraud
A finance employee in Arup's Hong Kong office received a message, purportedly from the UK-based chief financial officer, about a secret transaction.
PCAOB QC 1000, A Firm's System of Quality Control: September 2026 amendments, and related amendments to AS 2201
The PCAOB adopted amendments to QC 1000, its standard on audit firms' own quality-control systems, on September 9, 2026.
IAASB exposure drafts: proposed revisions to ISA 330, ISA 500 and ISA 520 (audit evidence and risk response)
The IAASB opened a public consultation on August 5, 2026 on proposed revisions to ISA 330, ISA 500 and ISA 520, with feedback due December 15, 2026.
NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) and its Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1)
NIST's AI Risk Management Framework 1.0 was released on January 26, 2023 for voluntary use.
FRC Generative and Agentic AI Guidance for audit firms
On March 30, 2026 the FRC published guidance for audit firms on using generative and agentic AI tools in audit engagements, its second guidance on AI in audit.
COSO, Achieving Effective Internal Control Over Generative AI
COSO released Achieving Effective Internal Control Over Generative AI (GenAI) on February 23, 2026.
UK Corporate Governance Code 2024, Provision 29 (declaration on material internal controls), and FRC Corporate Governance Code Guidance
The 2024 UK Corporate Governance Code has applied to financial years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, except Provision 29, which applies from financial years beginning on or after January 1, 2026.
PCAOB staff guidance on companies' and auditors' use of artificial intelligence ("super intelligence" on the agenda; under consideration, not issued)
The PCAOB's standard-setting agenda page lists, among topics on which staff is considering guidance, "Use of Super Intelligence": staff guidance for auditors on the effect on the audit of a company's use of super intelligence (SI) in finan…
FTC Proposed Policy Statement Concerning the Suppression of Accuracy in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Issued on July 1, 2026, in response to Executive Order 14365, this proposed FTC policy statement says that AI companies that distort their systems' outputs to pursue undisclosed ideological objectives may be deceiving consumers in violatio…
Executive Order 14409 — Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security
Signed on June 2, 2026, this executive order on AI-driven cyber defense and frontier-model security has three main parts.
DOJ intervention in xAI's challenge to the Colorado AI Act (SB 24-205)
On April 24, 2026, the Justice Department moved to intervene in a suit xAI had filed in the U.S.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Regulation B) final rule — disparate impact, discouragement, special purpose credit programs
The CFPB's final rule amending Regulation B was published on April 22, 2026, and took effect on July 21, 2026.
SECURE Data Act (H.R. 8413) — proposed national consumer privacy framework
Introduced in the House on April 21, 2026, by Rep.
Revised Guidance on Model Risk Management (SR 26-2 / OCC Bulletin 2026-13)
On April 17, 2026, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC issued joint revised model risk management guidance.
National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence: legislative recommendations to Congress (White House)
On March 20, 2026, the White House released a national AI legislative framework asking Congress to legislate across six objectives: protecting children and empowering parents, safeguarding communities (including data-centre power costs and…
GUARDRAILS Act (H.R. 8031 / S. 4216) — repeal of EO 14365 on a national AI policy framework
The Guaranteeing and Upholding Americans' Right to Decide Responsible AI Laws and Standards (GUARDRAILS) Act is a Democratic bill to repeal Executive Order 14365 of December 11, 2025, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Int…
National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence: Legislative Recommendations (White House)
Released on March 20, 2026, this four-page set of non-binding legislative recommendations from the White House asks Congress to act in seven areas: child protection, communities and infrastructure (including the Ratepayer Protection Pledge…
TRUMP AMERICA AI Act (Sen. Blackburn discussion draft)
Sen. Marsha Blackburn (R-Tenn.) released this 291-page discussion draft on March 18, 2026.
AI Guardrails Act of 2026 (S. 4113) — limits on Department of Defense use of AI
Sen. Elissa Slotkin (D-Mich.) introduced S.
GSAR 552.239-7001 proposed AI contract clause (GSA): March 2026 draft and June 2026 revised draft (91 FR 36559)
GSA proposed a new contract clause, GSAR 552.239-7001, for its government-wide contract vehicles.
Ratepayer Protection Pledge (White House voluntary data-center energy commitment)
Under a voluntary pledge announced at the White House on March 4, 2026, Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft, OpenAI, Oracle and xAI agreed that household electricity customers should not bear the energy costs of their data centers.
Department of War supply chain risk designations of Anthropic (10 U.S.C. 3252 and 41 U.S.C. 4713)
On March 3, 2026, the Department of War (DoW) designated Anthropic a supply chain risk under two statutes, 10 U.S.C.
Financial Services AI Risk Management Framework (FS AI RMF) and AI Lexicon (U.S. Treasury)
On February 19, 2026, the Treasury released two resources for AI use in financial services, under the AI Action Plan: a shared AI Lexicon of common terms and the Financial Services AI Risk Management Framework (FS AI RMF), which adapts the…
AI Agent Standards Initiative (NIST)
On February 17, 2026, NIST's Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI) launched the AI Agent Standards Initiative to support confident adoption of AI agents that act autonomously.
TEN 07-25: The U.S. Department of Labor's Artificial Intelligence Literacy Framework
The Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration issued an AI Literacy Framework, as Training and Employment Notice 07-25, setting out five foundational content areas and seven delivery principles to guide AI literacy progr…
BIS export controls on advanced AI chips: Revision to License Review Policy for Advanced Computing Commodities (91 FR 1684) and rescission of the AI Diffusion Rule
This record tracks U.S. export controls on advanced AI chips.
Guiding Principles of Good AI Practice in Drug Development (FDA and EMA)
FDA's drug and biologics centres (CDER and CBER) and the European Medicines Agency developed 10 guiding principles that sponsors and product developers can consider when using AI in drug and biological product development.
Artificial Intelligence Strategy for the Department of War (Secretary of War memorandum)
Memorandum signed by Secretary of War Pete Hegseth directing the Department of War (the Department of Defense) to become an 'AI-first' warfighting force.
DOJ AI Litigation Task Force (Attorney General memorandum of January 9, 2026)
Attorney General memorandum of January 9, 2026, establishing the AI Litigation Task Force required by Executive Order 14365.
FTC reopens and sets aside the 2024 Rytr LLC final consent order
On December 22, 2025, the FTC reopened and set aside its 2024 final consent order against Rytr LLC.
Executive Order 14365, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence
Signed December 11, 2025, and published at 90 FR 58499 (FR Doc.
OMB Memorandum M-26-04: Increasing Public Trust in Artificial Intelligence Through Unbiased AI Principles
OMB guidance implementing Executive Order 14319 of July 23, 2025.
HHS Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Version 1.0)
HHS released version 1.0 of its department-wide AI Strategy, led by Acting Chief AI Officer Clark Minor, implementing the AI Action Plan, AI-related executive orders and OMB guidance.
Revised Inventorship Guidance for AI-Assisted Inventions (USPTO, 90 FR 54636)
The USPTO published revised inventorship guidance for AI-assisted inventions in the Federal Register on November 28, 2025 (90 FR 54636, FR Doc.
NTIA white paper: AI-Driven Transformation in 9-1-1 Operations
NTIA white paper, dated September 2025 and posted on November 17, 2025, summarizing a national landscape analysis of how 9-1-1 centers use AI, drawn from an AI symposium, four site visits and 14 interviews with 9-1-1 leaders.
AI-Related Job Impacts Clarity Act (S. 3108) — proposed quarterly reporting of AI-related layoffs and hiring
Introduced in the Senate on November 5, 2025, by Senator Hawley with Senator Warner and referred to the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, S.
DOT AI Strategy (Part I Use Case Alignment, Part II Maturity Assessment, Part III M-25-21 Compliance Plan)
The Department of Transportation's three-part AI strategy, posted October 3, 2025: Part I, AI Use Case Strategic Alignment, maps AI capabilities to DOT's four draft strategic goals (safety, infrastructure, innovation, efficiency) for the F…
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Compliance Plan for OMB Memorandum M-25-21
The Federal Reserve Board's plan for meeting OMB Memorandum M-25-21 and section 104(c) of the AI in Government Act.
DOE Artificial Intelligence Strategy and AI Compliance Plan (OMB M-25-21)
On October 1, 2025, the Department of Energy issued its Artificial Intelligence Strategy and its AI Compliance Plan.
EPA Compliance Plan for OMB Memorandum M-25-21
The Environmental Protection Agency's plan, prepared by its Chief AI Officer, for meeting OMB Memorandum M-25-21 and section 104(c) of the AI in Government Act of 2020.
Building the Future: VA's Strategy for Adopting High-Impact Artificial Intelligence to Improve Services for Veterans
The Department of Veterans Affairs' AI strategy commits to investing in high-impact AI use cases, modern infrastructure, workforce training and governance.
Department of State Enterprise Data and AI Strategy
The State Department's combined Enterprise Data and Artificial Intelligence Strategy, released in September 2025, builds on its StateChat generative AI chatbot (over 45,000 users) and the Northstar analytics tool.
DHS Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy for OMB Memorandum M-25-21
DHS's AI strategy, prepared by its Chief Information Officer and Chief AI Officer to implement OMB Memorandum M-25-21, sets a three-year approach to removing barriers to responsible AI use, raising AI maturity, and ensuring transparency an…
CFPB Compliance Plan for OMB Memorandum M-25-21
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's plan for meeting OMB Memorandum M-25-21, issued by its Chief Information Officer and Acting Chief AI Officer.
FTC 6(b) orders to AI companion chatbot providers (study of effects on children and teens)
On September 11, 2025, the FTC voted 3-0 to issue orders under section 6(b) of the FTC Act to seven companies offering consumer-facing AI chatbots: Alphabet, Character Technologies, Instagram, Meta Platforms, OpenAI OpCo, Snap and X.AI.
Department of the Interior AI Strategy and AI Compliance Plan (OMB M-25-21)
The Interior Department's AI Strategy and companion Compliance Plan, aligned with Executive Orders 14179 and 14277 and OMB Memorandum M-25-21.
Social Security Administration Compliance Plan for OMB Memorandum M-25-21
SSA's plan for meeting OMB Memorandum M-25-21, prepared by Chief AI Officer Brian Peltier.
FDIC Compliance Plan for OMB Memorandum M-25-21
The FDIC's plan, prepared by its Chief AI Officer, for meeting OMB Memorandum M-25-21.
TEGL 03-25: Encouraging the Use of WIOA Funding to Help Youth and Adults Develop AI Skills
Training and Employment Guidance Letter 03-25 from the Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration encourages state and local workforce systems to use Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) Title I youth, adult an…
SEC AI Task Force
The Securities and Exchange Commission launched an internal task force on artificial intelligence, led by its newly named Chief AI Officer Valerie Szczepanik, to centralize the agency's AI efforts and integrate AI responsibly into SEC oper…
Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan
The White House published America's AI Action Plan on July 23, 2025, as called for by Executive Order 14179.
Executive Order 14319: Preventing Woke AI in the Federal Government
Executive Order 14319, signed on July 23, 2025 (90 FR 35389), sets two 'Unbiased AI Principles' for large language models the federal government procures: truth-seeking, and ideological neutrality, under which models should not manipulate…
Dear Colleague Letter on federal grant funds and AI in education (U.S. Department of Education)
On July 22, 2025, the Department of Education issued a Dear Colleague Letter to current and prospective grant recipients confirming that existing formula and discretionary grant funds may support AI in education where uses comply with the…
Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI), NIST: renamed from the AI Safety Institute; now styled Center for Advancing Innovation and Standards for Super Intelligence (CAISSI)
On Tuesday, June 3, 2025, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick announced that the U.S.
One Big Beautiful Bill (H.R. 1, 119th Congress): proposed 10-year moratorium on enforcement of state AI laws (struck by the Senate)
The House-passed version of H.R. 1, the budget reconciliation bill, contained a 10-year moratorium on states enforcing laws regulating AI; the House passed the bill 215 to 214 on May 22, 2025.
AI Data Security: Best Practices for Securing Data Used to Train & Operate AI Systems (joint Cybersecurity Information Sheet)
Cybersecurity information sheet released on May 22, 2025, by CISA, the National Security Agency, the FBI and international partners.
TAKE IT DOWN Act (Pub. L. 119-12, S. 146)
The Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act (TAKE IT DOWN Act), S.
CFPB withdrawal of 67 interpretive rules, policy statements, advisory opinions and other guidance (90 FR 20084)
On May 12, 2025 (90 FR 20084) the CFPB withdrew 67 guidance documents: 8 policy statements, 7 interpretive rules, 13 advisory opinions and 39 other guidance documents.
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 3: Generative AI Training (pre-publication version)
On May 9, 2025, the Copyright Office released a pre-publication version of Part 3 of its AI report, on the use of copyrighted works to train generative AI, in response to congressional inquiries and stakeholder interest.
NHTSA Automated Vehicle (AV) Framework
On April 24, 2025, Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy announced NHTSA's Automated Vehicle Framework, built on three principles: prioritise the safety of ongoing AV operations on public roads, remove unnecessary regulatory barriers, and en…
OMB Memorandum M-25-21, Accelerating Federal Use of AI through Innovation, Governance, and Public Trust
OMB memorandum of April 3, 2025, to the heads of executive departments and agencies, including independent regulatory agencies, on federal use of AI.
SEC Cyber and Emerging Technologies Unit (CETU), Division of Enforcement
On February 20, 2025, the SEC announced the Cyber and Emerging Technologies Unit (CETU) in its Division of Enforcement, replacing the Crypto Assets and Cyber Unit, led by Laura D'Allaird and staffed by about 30 fraud specialists and attorn…
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2: Copyrightability (U.S. Copyright Office report)
Part 2 of the Copyright Office's report on copyright and AI, published on January 29, 2025, addresses whether outputs made with generative AI can be protected.
Executive Order 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence
Executive Order 14179, signed on January 23, 2025, and published at 90 FR 8741 (FR Doc.
Intelligence Community Directive 505: Artificial Intelligence (ODNI)
ICD 505, signed by Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines on January 17, 2025, sets policy on the governance and management of AI developed, acquired or used by or for the Intelligence Community.
JCDC AI Cybersecurity Collaboration Playbook (CISA)
Playbook published January 14, 2025, by CISA's Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative (JCDC) guiding AI providers, developers and adopters on voluntarily sharing AI-related cybersecurity information, such as incidents and vulnerabilities, with…
FDA draft guidance: Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Device Software Functions: Lifecycle Management and Marketing Submission Recommendations
FDA draft guidance issued January 6, 2025 (docket FDA-2024-D-4488; Federal Register notice January 7, 2025, 90 FR 1154) recommending what marketing submissions for devices with AI-enabled software functions should contain, and proposing de…
FDA draft guidance: Considerations for the Use of Artificial Intelligence To Support Regulatory Decision-Making for Drug and Biological Products
FDA draft guidance issued January 6, 2025 (docket FDA-2024-D-4689) for sponsors and other parties using AI to produce information or data that supports regulatory decisions about the safety, effectiveness or quality of drugs and biological…
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (Pub. L. 118-159): AI provisions
The Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (H.R.
FDA final guidance: Marketing Submission Recommendations for a Predetermined Change Control Plan for Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Device Software Functions
FDA final guidance, announced in the Federal Register on December 4, 2024 (docket FDA-2022-D-2628), on predetermined change control plans (PCCPs) for AI-enabled device software functions.
USDA Fiscal Year 2025-2026 AI Strategy (superseded by the FY26-27 USDA AI Strategy)
USDA's first department-wide AI strategy, issued in November 2024 for fiscal years 2025-2026 under the previous administration and framed by Executive Order 14110 (revoked in January 2025).
DOL Artificial Intelligence and Worker Well-being: Principles and Best Practices for Developers and Employers
On October 16, 2024, the Department of Labor released AI Best Practices giving developers and employers a roadmap to apply its 'AI and Worker Well-being: Principles for Developers and Employers', issued under President Biden's Executive Or…
FCC Declaratory Ruling FCC 24-17: AI-generated voices are 'artificial' voices under the TCPA (CG Docket No. 23-362)
In a Declaratory Ruling adopted February 2, 2024, and released February 8, 2024 (FCC 24-17, CG Docket No.
Voluntary AI Commitments secured by the White House from 15 AI companies (July and September 2023)
In July 2023 the White House announced voluntary commitments from seven AI companies (Amazon, Anthropic, Google, Inflection, Meta, Microsoft, OpenAI), and in September 2023 from eight more (Adobe, Cohere, IBM, Nvidia, Palantir, Salesforce,…
Joint Statement on Enforcement Efforts Against Discrimination and Bias in Automated Systems (CFPB, DOJ Civil Rights Division, EEOC, FTC)
On April 25, 2023, the heads of the CFPB, the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division, the EEOC and the FTC issued a joint statement that their existing legal authorities (civil rights, non-discrimination, fair competition and consumer…
NIST AI RMF Playbook
NIST's companion to the AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) suggests voluntary actions, references and guidance for the framework's four functions: Govern, Map, Measure and Manage.
FTC staff guidance 'Keep Your AI Claims in Check' (2023) and FTC enforcement against deceptive AI claims
On February 27, 2023 FTC advertising staff published a business blog post warning that claims about AI products must be truthful and substantiated, for example that a product does not exaggerate what it can do.
NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0, NIST AI 100-1)
Voluntary framework released by NIST on January 26, 2023 (NIST AI 100-1) to help organizations manage risks of AI and build trustworthiness into the design, development, use and evaluation of AI systems.
Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights (White House OSTP)
Non-binding white paper published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in October 2022 setting out five principles for automated systems: safe and effective systems; algorithmic discrimination protections; data privac…
Good Machine Learning Practice for Medical Device Development: Guiding Principles (FDA, Health Canada, UK MHRA)
Ten guiding principles for good machine learning practice (GMLP) in developing medical devices that use AI/ML, released in October 2021 jointly by the FDA, Health Canada and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
Artificial Intelligence: An Accountability Framework for Federal Agencies and Other Entities (GAO-21-519SP)
GAO published its AI accountability framework (GAO-21-519SP) on June 30, 2021, to help federal agencies and other entities use AI responsibly.
Interagency Request for Information on Financial Institutions' Use of Artificial Intelligence, Including Machine Learning (FR Doc. 2021-06607)
Five agencies (OCC, Federal Reserve Board, FDIC, CFPB and NCUA) jointly asked for comment on how financial institutions use AI, including machine learning: risk management practices, governance and controls, barriers to developing and mana…
FDA Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML)-Based Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) Action Plan
FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health published a five-part action plan in January 2021, responding to feedback on its 2019 discussion paper on modifications to AI/ML-based software as a medical device.
Model Risk Management Guidance (SR 11-7 / OCC Bulletin 2011-12), superseded April 17, 2026
The 2011 interagency model risk management guidance (Federal Reserve SR 11-7 and OCC Bulletin 2011-12, adopted by the FDIC in 2017) covered model development, use, validation and governance and was widely applied to AI models at banks.
GSA AI resources page (GSA's M-25-21/M-25-22 compliance strategies and plan, use-case inventory, governance)
A GSA web page, not a rule or guidance document.
Comptroller's Handbook: Model Risk Management booklet (rescinded)
Historical record. The Model Risk Management booklet of the OCC's Comptroller's Handbook was examiner guidance on model risk that sat alongside the 2011 interagency model risk guidance.
xAI v. Colorado Attorney General (D. Colo.), with U.S. intervention — challenge to the Colorado AI Act (SB 24-205)
xAI sued in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado to block Colorado's AI Act (SB 24-205).
State of Texas v. Snap Inc. (Collin County Cause No. 366-00890-2026; removed to E.D. Tex. No. 4:26-cv-00277)
The Texas Attorney General sued Snap Inc.
Information Commissioner's Office investigation into X Internet Unlimited Company and X.AI LLC (Grok)
On February 3, 2026, the UK Information Commissioner's Office opened formal investigations into X Internet Unlimited Company and X.AI LLC over their processing of personal data in the Grok AI system, following reports that Grok was used to…
Concord Music Group, Inc. et al. v. Anthropic PBC, Dario Amodei and Benjamin Mann, No. 5:26-cv-00880 (N.D. Cal.) (Concord II)
The same music publishers filed a second suit against Anthropic on January 28, 2026, also naming CEO Dario Amodei and co-founder Benjamin Mann.
Chicago Tribune Company, LLC v. Perplexity AI, Inc., No. 1:25-cv-10094 (S.D.N.Y.)
The Chicago Tribune sued Perplexity AI in the Southern District of New York on December 4, 2025.
Woodard v. OpenAI, Inc. and Mixpanel, Inc., No. 3:25-cv-10301 (N.D. Cal.)
Jon Woodard filed a proposed class action on December 1, 2025, against OpenAI and its analytics vendor Mixpanel, alleging negligence, breach of implied contract and unjust enrichment after a November 2025 data breach at Mixpanel exposed Op…
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Microsoft Corporation and Microsoft Pty Ltd (Federal Court of Australia): Microsoft 365 Copilot Price Increase
On October 27, 2025, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission began proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia against Microsoft Corporation and its Australian subsidiary Microsoft Pty Ltd.
Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., No. 2:25-cv-08376 (C.D. Cal.), consolidated into Disney Enterprises v. Midjourney
Warner Bros. Entertainment, DC Comics, Turner Entertainment, Hanna-Barbera Productions and The Cartoon Network sued Midjourney on September 4, 2025, for direct and secondary copyright infringement, alleging that Midjourney's service reprod…
Nikkei Inc. and The Asahi Shimbun Company v. Perplexity AI, Inc. (Tokyo District Court)
Nikkei and The Asahi Shimbun jointly sued Perplexity AI in the Tokyo District Court on August 26, 2025.
Massachusetts Attorney General: Earnest Operations LLC assurance of discontinuance (AI underwriting, fair lending)
On July 10, 2025, Massachusetts Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell announced a $2.5 million settlement with Earnest Operations LLC, a Delaware-based student loan company, through an assurance of discontinuance filed in Suffolk County Sup…
Disney Enterprises Inc. v. Midjourney Inc., No. 2:25-cv-05275 (C.D. Cal.)
Disney, Universal and affiliated studios (Marvel, Lucasfilm, DreamWorks Animation, Twentieth Century Fox) sued Midjourney on June 11, 2025, alleging that its image generator reproduces their copyrighted characters, such as Darth Vader and…
TruDi Navigation System suits against Acclarent: Fernihough v. Acclarent, Inc., 4:25-cv-00525 (N.D. Tex.), and Erin Ralph's suit (Texas state court)
Two patients allege that Acclarent's TruDi Navigation System, a sinus-surgery navigation device to which artificial-intelligence features were added, misled their surgeon, Dr.
Clearview AI Inc. v. Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner), 2025 ABKB 287
Clearview AI sought judicial review of an Alberta Information and Privacy Commissioner order requiring it to stop collecting, using and disclosing images and biometric data of Albertans scraped from the internet, and challenged the provinc…
Young People's Alliance, Encode and Tech Justice Law Project complaint to the FTC about Replika (Luka, Inc.)
Three advocacy groups, the Young People's Alliance, Encode and the Tech Justice Law Project, filed a complaint and petition for investigation with the Federal Trade Commission in January 2025 asking it to investigate Luka, Inc., maker of t…
A.F., on behalf of J.F., and A.R., on behalf of B.R. v. Character Technologies, Inc., et al., No. 2:24-cv-01014 (E.D. Tex.)
Two Texas parents sued Character Technologies (Character.AI), its founders Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas, Google and Alphabet in December 2024 on behalf of their minor children.
Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., et al., No. 6:24-cv-01903 (M.D. Fla.)
Megan Garcia and Sewell Setzer Jr., for the estate of their 14-year-old son Sewell Setzer III, sued Character Technologies (Character.AI), its founders Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas, and Google in October 2024.
UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., 1:24-cv-11611-FDS (D. Mass.); related UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., 1:26-cv-14275 (D. Mass.)
Universal (UMG Recordings, Capitol), Sony Music Entertainment and Warner label entities sued Suno, Inc.
UMG Recordings v. Uncharted Labs (Udio), 1:24-cv-04777 (S.D.N.Y.) — continuing as Sony Music Entertainment v. Uncharted Labs
Universal, Sony and Warner record labels sued Uncharted Labs, which operates the Udio music generator, on June 24, 2024, in the Southern District of New York, alleging it copied their sound recordings to train its model.
Musk v. Altman, Brockman, OpenAI, Inc., et al., No. CGC-24-612746 (Cal. Super. Ct., San Francisco)
Elon Musk sued Sam Altman, Greg Brockman and OpenAI entities in San Francisco Superior Court on February 29, 2024, alleging breach of contract, promissory estoppel, breach of fiduciary duty and unfair business practices on the theory that…
Park v. Kim, 91 F.4th 610 (2d Cir. 2024), No. 22-2057
Minhye Park appealed the Eastern District of New York's August 2022 dismissal of her suit against David Dennis Kim for repeated, willful failure to comply with court orders.
The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corporation, OpenAI, Inc., et al., No. 1:23-cv-11195 (S.D.N.Y.), part of In re OpenAI, Inc. Copyright Infringement Litigation, MDL No. 3143
The New York Times sued Microsoft and OpenAI on December 27, 2023, alleging that they used Times content without permission to build and operate their generative-AI products, and asserting direct, vicarious and contributory copyright infri…
Federal Trade Commission v. Rite Aid Corporation and Rite Aid Hdqtrs. Corp., No. 2:23-cv-5023 (E.D. Pa.)
The FTC sued Rite Aid in December 2023, alleging that the retailer used facial recognition technology in hundreds of stores without reasonable procedures to prevent harm to consumers, and that it violated a 2010 FTC data security order by…
People v. Zachariah C. Crabill, 23PDJ067 (Colo. Presiding Disciplinary Judge)
Colorado attorney Zachariah C. Crabill drafted a motion to set aside a judgment in April 2023 using case citations he found through ChatGPT without reading or checking them, and filed it in May 2023.
Concord Music Group, Inc. et al. v. Anthropic PBC, No. 5:24-cv-03811 (N.D. Cal.) (Concord I)
Music publishers led by Concord, Universal Music and ABKCO sued Anthropic in October 2023, alleging that it copied lyrics to about 500 songs to train its Claude models and that Claude reproduces those lyrics, and asserting direct and secon…
Authors Guild v. OpenAI Inc., 1:23-cv-08292 (S.D.N.Y.), centralized in In re OpenAI, Inc. Copyright Infringement Litigation, MDL No. 3143
The Authors Guild and named authors, including John Grisham, Jodi Picoult, David Baldacci and George R.R.
Chabon et al. v. OpenAI, Inc. et al., 3:23-cv-04625 (N.D. Cal.), now part of MDL No. 3143 (S.D.N.Y.)
Authors Michael Chabon, David Henry Hwang, Matthew Klam, Rachel Louise Snyder and Ayelet Waldman filed this proposed class action against OpenAI in the Northern District of California on September 8, 2023; other authors, including Ta-Nehis…
Silverman et al. v. OpenAI, Inc. et al., 3:23-cv-03416 (N.D. Cal.), now part of MDL No. 3143 (S.D.N.Y.)
Sarah Silverman, Christopher Golden and Richard Kadrey filed this proposed class action against OpenAI entities in the Northern District of California on July 7, 2023.
Kadrey et al. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 3:23-cv-03417-VC (N.D. Cal.)
Authors including Richard Kadrey, Sarah Silverman and Christopher Golden sued Meta in the Northern District of California on July 7, 2023, alleging that Meta copied their books, obtained from shadow libraries, to train its Llama models.
Tremblay et al. v. OpenAI, Inc. et al., 3:23-cv-03223 (N.D. Cal.), lead case of In re OpenAI ChatGPT Litigation, now part of MDL No. 3143 (S.D.N.Y.)
Authors Paul Tremblay and Mona Awad filed this proposed class action against seven OpenAI entities in the Northern District of California on June 28, 2023, alleging that OpenAI copied their books without permission to train the models behi…
Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C., No. 23-A-04860-2 (Ga. Super. Ct., Gwinnett County)
Radio host Mark Walters sued OpenAI for defamation in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, after ChatGPT, asked by a journalist to summarize a complaint in an unrelated lawsuit, falsely stated that Walters had been accused of em…
Mobley v. Workday, Inc., 3:23-cv-00770-RFL (N.D. Cal.)
Derek Mobley, a Black job applicant over 40 with a disability, filed this proposed class action on February 21, 2023, alleging that Workday's AI-based applicant screening and recommendation tools discriminate on the basis of race, age and…
Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI (D. Del. 1:23-cv-00135, dismissed and refiled in N.D. Cal., 2025); Getty Images v Stability AI [2025] EWHC 2863 (Ch) (UK)
Getty Images sued Stability AI in the District of Delaware on February 3, 2023, alleging that Stability copied more than 12 million Getty photographs, with captions and metadata, without permission to train Stable Diffusion, and that outpu…
Garante per la protezione dei dati personali, injunction order against Luka Inc. (Replika chatbot), April 10, 2025
The Italian data protection authority ordered Replika's processing of Italian users' data blocked on February 2, 2023, and later investigated Luka Inc., the US company behind the generative AI companion chatbot.
Andersen et al. v. Stability AI Ltd. et al., No. 3:23-cv-00201 (N.D. Cal.)
Visual artists filed a proposed class action in January 2023 against Stability AI, Midjourney, DeviantArt and later Runway AI, alleging that the companies' image generators were trained on and can reproduce their copyrighted works.
Andersen et al. v. Stability AI Ltd. et al., 3:23-cv-00201-WHO (N.D. Cal.)
Artists Sarah Andersen, Kelly McKernan and Karla Ortiz filed this proposed class action on January 13, 2023, against Stability AI, Midjourney and DeviantArt; more artists and the defendant Runway AI were added later.
Huskey et al. v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Company, 1:22-cv-07014 (N.D. Ill.)
Jacqueline Huskey, later joined by Riian Wynn, brought this proposed class action under the Fair Housing Act on December 14, 2022, on behalf of Black homeowners insured by State Farm.
Doe 1 et al. v. GitHub, Inc. et al., 4:22-cv-06823-JST (N.D. Cal.); Ninth Circuit No. 24-7700
Anonymous programmers filed this proposed class action on November 3, 2022, against GitHub, Microsoft and OpenAI entities, alleging that GitHub Copilot and OpenAI Codex, trained on public GitHub code, reproduce licensed code without the at…
United States v. Meta Platforms, Inc., f/k/a Facebook, Inc., 1:22-cv-05187 (S.D.N.Y.)
After a HUD charge of discrimination, the Justice Department sued Meta on June 21, 2022, alleging that its housing advertising system discriminated under the Fair Housing Act, including through ad-delivery algorithms that relied in part on…
EEOC v. iTutorGroup, Inc., 1:22-cv-02565 (E.D.N.Y.)
The EEOC sued iTutorGroup, Inc., Tutor Group Limited and Shanghai Ping'An Intelligent Education Technology in the Eastern District of New York on May 5, 2022, under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.
Commissioner of Patents v Thaler [2022] FCAFC 62 (DABUS, Australia)
Stephen Thaler applied for an Australian patent naming his AI system DABUS as the inventor.
Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 1:22-cv-01461 (S.D.N.Y.); sanctions opinion reported at 678 F. Supp. 3d 443 (2023)
Roberto Mata sued Avianca in New York state court on February 2, 2022, over a knee injury from a serving cart on a 2019 flight; Avianca removed the case to the Southern District of New York on February 22, 2022.
Hogan v. Amazon.com, Inc. (originally B.H. v. Amazon.com, Inc.), 1:21-cv-03169 (N.D. Ill.)
This putative class action alleges that Amazon violated the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act by scanning the face geometry of people in photos uploaded to Amazon Photos without informed written consent, and using the data to impr…
Benavides v. Tesla, Inc., 1:21-cv-21940 (S.D. Fla.); on appeal, No. 26-10858 (11th Cir.)
Neima Benavides, for the estate of Naibel Benavides Leon, and Dillon Angulo sued Tesla over an April 2019 crash in Key Largo, Florida, in which a 2019 Model S driven by its owner with Autopilot engaged hit a parked SUV that then struck the…
Thaler (DABUS) v. Commissioner of the Korean Intellectual Property Office (Korea)
Stephen Thaler's PCT patent application naming his AI system DABUS as the sole inventor entered the Korean national phase on May 17, 2021.
Taylor v. Nocco, 8:21-cv-00555 (M.D. Fla.)
Four Pasco County residents (Dalanea Taylor, Tammy Heilman, Darlene Deegan and Robert A.
Thaler v. Vidal, 43 F.4th 1207 (Fed. Cir. 2022); E.D. Va. No. 1:20-cv-00903; cert. denied, No. 22-919 (2023)
The USPTO refused Stephen Thaler's patent applications because they named only his AI system, DABUS, as the inventor.
ACLU v. Clearview AI, Inc. (Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois)
The ACLU, the ACLU of Illinois, the Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, Sex Workers Outreach Project Chicago, Illinois PIRG and Mujeres Latinas en Acción sued Clearview AI in Cook County on May 28, 2020, represented by the ACLU,…
Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. ROSS Intelligence Inc., 1:20-cv-00613 (D. Del.); interlocutory appeal No. 25-2153 (3d Cir.)
Thomson Reuters and West Publishing sued ROSS Intelligence in the District of Delaware on May 6, 2020, alleging that ROSS copied Westlaw headnotes to train a competing AI legal-research tool.
State v. Loomis, 2016 WI 68, 881 N.W.2d 749 (Wis. 2016), No. 2015AP157-CR; cert. denied, No. 16-6387 (2017)
Eric Loomis challenged his La Crosse County sentence because the circuit court had considered a COMPAS risk assessment, a proprietary algorithmic tool whose methodology was not disclosed to him.
In re Facebook Biometric Information Privacy Litigation, 3:15-cv-03747-JD (N.D. Cal.); Patel v. Facebook, Inc., No. 18-15982 (9th Cir. 2019)
Illinois Facebook users led by Nimesh Patel, Adam Pezen and Carlo Licata brought a class action, consolidated in the Northern District of California in 2015.
K.G.M. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., et al. (P.F., et al. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., et al., No. 23SMCV03371; JCCP 5255 Social Media Cases)
First bellwether trial in California's coordinated social media adolescent addiction proceeding (JCCP 5255, Los Angeles County Superior Court, Judge Carolyn B.
SB 26-189 (Session Laws 2026, Ch. 131) — Colorado automated decision-making technology in consequential decisions (repeals and reenacts SB 24-205)
Colorado SB 26-189 repeals and reenacts the Colorado AI Act (SB 24-205) as a narrower framework for automated decision-making technology (ADMT) that materially influences consequential decisions about education, employment, housing, financ…
SB 315 — Artificial Intelligence Safety Measures Act (Public Act 104-0538)
Creates the Artificial Intelligence Safety Measures Act for large frontier AI developers.
S6953B/A6453B — Responsible AI Safety and Education Act (RAISE Act)
New York's Responsible AI Safety and Education (RAISE) Act (S6953-B / A6453-B) passed both houses on June 12, 2025, and was signed on December 19, 2025, as Chapter 699 of 2025, adding Article 44-B to the General Business Law.
S8828 / A9449 (Chapter 96 of 2026) — RAISE Act chapter amendment
The chapter amendment to New York's RAISE Act (S8828 / A9449) passed the Senate on January 28, 2026, and the Assembly on March 11, 2026, and was signed on March 27, 2026, as Chapter 96 of 2026.
Bulletin 2026-2: Use of Algorithms, Predictive Models, and Artificial Intelligence in Insurance (North Dakota Insurance and Securities Department)
North Dakota's Insurance Commissioner issued Bulletin 2026-2 on October 5, 2026, to all insurers licensed in the state.
Bulletin Number 2026-07: Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (South Carolina Department of Insurance)
The South Carolina Department of Insurance issued Bulletin Number 2026-07 on September 24, 2026, addressed to insurers, producers and other licensees.
SB 942 — California AI Transparency Act (detection tools and AI content disclosures), as amended by AB 853
California SB 942, the California AI Transparency Act, applies to covered providers: developers of publicly accessible generative AI systems with more than 1,000,000 monthly visitors or users in California.
Fair Price Protection Act (A4085/A4523 ACS; S3612): ban on surveillance pricing of groceries and moratorium on new electronic shelf labels
New Jersey prohibited surveillance pricing of groceries and other foodstuffs: it is an unlawful practice under the Consumer Fraud Act to use surveillance pricing, or any other pricing strategy, that sets or varies the sale price of groceri…
Bulletin 2026-9: Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers (Mississippi Insurance Department)
The Mississippi Insurance Department issued Bulletin 2026-9 on July 22, 2026, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
P.L.2026, c.43 (A3497): Forbidding the Algorithmic Inflation of Rent (FAIR) Act
New Jersey made algorithmic rent coordination a violation of the New Jersey Antitrust Act.
S 1227 (2026) — Generative artificial intelligence in public education (Session Law Chapter 71)
Adds Chapter 70 ('Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education') to Title 33 of the Idaho Code.
Task Force Report — WA AI Task Force Final Report
The Washington State Artificial Intelligence Task Force, administered by the Attorney General's Office, released its final report on July 1, 2026, the third and last report the Legislature required after a preliminary report (December 2024…
Vermont Data Privacy and Online Surveillance Act (S.71, Act 145 of 2026; 9 V.S.A. chapter 61A): profiling opt-out, right to question a profiling result and profiling impact assessments
Vermont's comprehensive consumer privacy law, enacted as S.71 (Act 145 of 2026) and adding chapter 61A to Title 9.
SSB 5886 / Chapter 69, Laws of 2026 — Personality rights: forged digital likeness
Amends Washington's personality rights law (RCW 63.60) to add 'forged digital likeness': a visual or audio representation of an identifiable person, digitally created or altered to be indistinguishable from a genuine one, that misrepresent…
Connecticut ban on surveillance pricing by retail sellers and delivery services, and personal-data price disclosure (PA 26-130, HB 5563, section 11; replacing PA 26-64, SB 4, section 11)
Connecticut bars retail sellers (including retail food establishments) and third-party delivery services from engaging in surveillance pricing: setting a customized price for a consumer good or service specific to a consumer or group based…
Louisiana Data Privacy Act (S.B. 386, Act No. 502 of 2026; R.S. 51:1780.1 to 1780.5): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Louisiana enacted a comprehensive consumer privacy law, the Louisiana Data Privacy Act, as S.B.
SB 5 / Public Act 26-15 — An Act Concerning Online Safety (Connecticut AI provisions, including automated employment-related decision technology)
Comprehensive AI statute covering automated employment decision technology, AI companions, frontier model developers, synthetic media provenance, and youth online safety.
Laws 2026, chapter 124 (H.F. 4188), article 3, section 6: utilization review may not rely on automated processing alone for adverse determinations (Minn. Stat. 62M.09, subd. 3)
Minnesota's 2026 commerce omnibus adds a paragraph to the utilization review statute: a utilization review organization may not use any form of automated processing alone, without review by an appropriate health professional as the section…
SB 1700 / HB 1946, Public Chapter 1082 of 2026: TACIR study of regulating AI systems and generative AI chatbots
Introduced as a consumer-protection bill on AI chatbots, SB 1700 was rewritten in the Senate into a study.
SB 540 (Act 518, 2026): AI companion chatbot disclosures, protections for minors and crisis protocols
Georgia added a new Code section 39-5-6 to its online internet safety chapter governing AI companion chatbots, meaning generative AI systems built to sustain a human-like relationship with a user.
H.F. 1606 / Laws 2026, chapter 72: prohibition on nudification technology (Minn. Stat. 325E.91)
A 2026 Minnesota law aimed at the services that make AI-generated nude images rather than only at the people who share them.
SB 444 (Act 411, 2026): health insurance adverse determinations may not rest on AI alone
Georgia added Code section 33-46-7.1 to its law on private review agents, the entities that perform utilization review of health care services for insurers.
Protection From Predatory Pricing Act (H.B. 895 / S.B. 387, Chapter 154 of 2026): ban on personalized (surveillance) pricing of groceries by food retailers and delivery services
Maryland prohibited large food retailers (establishments of at least 15,000 square feet that sell tax-exempt food) and third-party food delivery services from using dynamic pricing, defined as offering or setting a personalized price speci…
Alabama Personal Data Protection Act (HB 351, Act 2026-552): opt-out of profiling for solely automated significant decisions
Alabama enacted a comprehensive consumer privacy law in 2026 (HB 351, Act 2026-552), effective May 1, 2027.
SB 1580 / HB 1470, Public Chapter 647 of 2026: AI systems may not be advertised as qualified mental health professionals
Tennessee prohibits anyone who develops or deploys an artificial intelligence system from advertising or representing to the public that the system is, or can act as, a qualified mental health professional.
HB 1513 / SB 1624, Public Chapter 625 of 2026: Transparency for Deepfakes in Political Advertising Act
Tennessee requires political communications that contain a deepfake of a candidate to carry a disclaimer.
Oklahoma consumer data privacy act (SB 546, 2025-2026; Title 75A): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments, effective January 1, 2027
Oklahoma's comprehensive consumer data privacy law, enacted as SB 546 (approved by the Governor on March 20, 2026) and taking effect on January 1, 2027.
HB 102 (2026), Enrolled Act 32, Session Laws 2026 ch. 91: AI in the criminal code, synthetic sexual material and developer liability
Wyoming's act, catch-titled 'Protecting kids from deepfakes and exploitative images', amends the criminal code for AI.
District of Columbia Courts Administrative Order establishing the Artificial Intelligence Task Force (March 6, 2026)
The District of Columbia Courts made their Artificial Intelligence Task Force a standing committee, with two judges as co-chairs for two-year terms.
HEA 1271 (2026), P.L.88-2026: health insurers may not downcode claims on automated tools or AI alone
Indiana's 2026 insurance act added a chapter on downcoding of health benefits claims (IC 27-1-52), meaning an insurer's unilateral change to a submitted service code or its payment that lowers the payment.
Memorandum on the Application of Existing Laws to Artificial Intelligence (Connecticut Attorney General, February 25, 2026)
The Connecticut Attorney General issued a memorandum to state officials, agencies and the public explaining how existing Connecticut and federal law applies to AI.
New York S8928 — Artificial Intelligence Workforce Impact Transparency Act (AI disclosure in WARN notices)
Senate Bill S8928, introduced by Senator Jeremy Cooney on January 16, 2026, and referred to the Senate Labor Committee, would amend the State WARN Act (Labor Law § 860-b) so that every WARN notice states whether the job losses result, in w…
Executive Order 26-02 (2026): AI strategy for state government, business environment, energy and workforce
Governor Mike Kehoe's Executive Order 26-02 directs the Commissioner of the Office of Administration to develop a strategic framework for the safe and effective integration of AI in state government operations, prioritizing efficiency and…
SB 53 — California Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA)
California SB 53, the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, applies to developers of frontier models (foundation models trained with more than 10^26 operations).
AB 2013 — California Generative AI Training Data Transparency (Civil Code § 3110 et seq.)
California AB 2013 (Chapter 817, Statutes of 2024) requires developers of generative AI systems or services made available to Californians, including systems first released or substantially modified on or after January 1, 2022, to post on…
CCPA regulations on automated decisionmaking technology (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 11, § 7001 et seq.; Article 11)
The California Privacy Protection Agency's regulations, approved by the Office of Administrative Law on September 22, 2025, add rules on automated decisionmaking technology (ADMT), risk assessments and cybersecurity audits to the CCPA regu…
AB 489 (Ch. 615, Stats. 2025) — California health care professions: AI may not imply a licensed professional
California AB 489 (Chapter 615, Statutes of 2025) adds Business and Professions Code provisions that make it unlawful to use AI or generative AI to provide health information, advice or services while representing, or allowing people to un…
SB 243 — Companion chatbots (Chapter 677, Statutes of 2025)
Regulates operators of companion chatbot platforms.
HB 3773 (P.A. 103-0804) — Illinois Human Rights Act amendment on employers' use of AI
Illinois Public Act 103-0804 (HB 3773) amends the Illinois Human Rights Act so that it is a civil rights violation for an employer to use AI in recruitment, hiring, promotion, discharge, discipline or other terms of employment in a way tha…
HB 149 — Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (TRAIGA)
The Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (HB 149), signed on June 22, 2025, and effective January 1, 2026, regulates the development and deployment of AI systems in Texas.
N.J.A.C. 13:16: Division on Civil Rights rules on disparate impact discrimination, including automated employment decision tools
The Division on Civil Rights adopted rules codifying disparate impact liability under the Law Against Discrimination across employment, housing, places of public accommodation, financial lending and contracting.
Commissioner's Memorandum 2025-13A: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Hawaii Insurance Division)
The Hawaii Insurance Division issued Commissioner's Memorandum 2025-13A on December 10, 2025, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
Connecticut ban on revenue management devices for setting residential rents (November Special Session PA 25-1, HB 8002, section 32)
Connecticut's 2025 housing act (HB 8002, November Special Session Public Act 25-1) makes it an unlawful practice under the state antitrust chapter (chapter 624) for any person to use a revenue management device to set rental rates or occup…
S.7882 / A.1417-B (Laws of 2025, chapter 437; N.Y. General Business Law § 340-b): ban on algorithmic coordination of residential rents
New York added section 340-b to the General Business Law (Article 22, the state antitrust law).
AB 853 — California AI Transparency Act amendments (Chapter 674, Statutes of 2025)
Amends the California AI Transparency Act (SB 942).
AB 325 (Chapter 338, Statutes of 2025): Cartwright Act amendments on common pricing algorithms (Bus. & Prof. Code 16729)
California amended its antitrust statute, the Cartwright Act, to address pricing algorithms shared among competitors.
HB 7287 / PA 25-168 (2025 state budget act), Section 261 — Connecticut unlawful dissemination of an intimate synthetically created image
Section 261 of Connecticut Public Act 25-168 (HB 7287, the 2025 state budget act) creates the offense of unlawful dissemination of an intimate synthetically created image.
HB 757 (2025) — Sexual images, including AI-altered sexual depictions (Chapter 2025-99)
Makes it a crime to willfully generate an altered sexual depiction of an identifiable person without consent, to solicit one, or to possess one with intent to promote it maliciously.
SB 1462 (Laws 2025, Ch. 106) — Arizona unlawful disclosure of intimate images extended to realistic AI depictions (A.R.S. § 13-1425)
Arizona SB 1462 (Laws 2025, Chapter 106) amends A.R.S.
SB 1188 (2025) — Electronic health record requirements, including AI use by health care practitioners
Texas SB 1188, signed on June 20, 2025, and effective September 1, 2025, adds Chapter 183 to the Health and Safety Code on electronic health records.
HB 1876 (Act 927 of 2025) — Arkansas ownership of generative AI content and trained models (Ark. Code § 18-4-101)
Arkansas Act 927 of 2025 (HB 1876) adds Arkansas Code section 18-4-101 on ownership when a generative AI tool is used.
HB 1877 (Act 977 of 2025) — Arkansas child sexual abuse material offenses extended to indistinguishable computer-generated images
Arkansas Act 977 of 2025 (HB 1877) amends the state's offenses involving sexually explicit material depicting children so that they cover computer-generated images that are indistinguishable from the image of a child.
SB 649 (2025-2026), Act 35 of 2025: digital forgery (AI-generated forged digital likenesses used to defraud or injure)
Pennsylvania created the crime of digital forgery (18 Pa.C.S.
Georgia Technology Authority standard SS-25-001: Generative AI Responsible Use (state agencies)
The Georgia Technology Authority set requirements for generative AI used by executive-branch agencies, including commercial tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and Copilot.
HB 96 (136th GA, 2025 operating budget), R.C. 3301.24: AI policies required for every school district, community school and STEM school
Ohio's operating budget for fiscal years 2026-27 enacted Revised Code section 3301.24.
HB 96 (136th GA, 2025), R.C. 2917.211 and 2307.66: crimes and civil action for creating or disseminating fabricated sexual images without consent
Ohio's 2025 operating budget amended R.C.
California Civil Rights Council employment regulations regarding automated-decision systems (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, FEHA regulations; effective October 1, 2025)
The California Civil Rights Council amended the Fair Employment and Housing Act regulations to address employers' use of automated-decision systems.
HB 2748 — Use of nursing titles by nonhuman entities, including AI agents (Oregon Laws 2025, ch. 378)
Adds a rule to Oregon's nursing statutes (ORS 678.010 to 678.410) barring any nonhuman entity, expressly including an agent powered by artificial intelligence, from using listed nursing titles and abbreviations: APRN, CRNA, CNS, LPN, RN, N…
LD 1727 (HP 1154), Public Law 2025, chapter 294: disclosure of AI chatbots in consumer transactions
Maine enacted 10 MRSA chapter 239, section 1500-Y, An Act to Ensure Transparency in Consumer Transactions Involving Artificial Intelligence.
HB 178 (2025), Act 250 of 2025: AI-generated or altered evidence in civil proceedings
Act 250 is a Louisiana State Law Institute revision of the Code of Civil Procedure that includes provisions on evidence generated or altered by AI.
SB 263 (2025), Statutes of Nevada 2025 chapter 383: AI-created child sexual abuse material brought within the pornography-involving-minors offenses
Nevada defines 'computer-generated child pornography' to include altered depictions of actual children, adults altered to appear as children, and any visual representation created with artificial intelligence or similar technology that is…
AB 406 (2025), Statutes of Nevada 2025 chapter 283: limits on AI in mental and behavioral health care and in public school counseling
Nevada's 2025 law on AI in mental and behavioral health care.
SB 213 (2025), Statutes of Nevada 2025 chapter 299: computer-generated intimate images brought within the crime of unlawful dissemination of an intimate image
Nevada extends its intimate-image crime to photorealistic, digital, computer and computer-generated images that a reasonable person would believe depict an identifiable person's intimate parts or sexual conduct.
AB 73 (2025), Statutes of Nevada 2025 chapter 224: disclosure of synthetic media in election communications
Nevada requires any election communication made or paid for by a person, organization, candidate or campaign or party committee that supports or opposes a candidate or party, seeks to influence an election on political or social issues, or…
AB 325 (2025), Statutes of Nevada 2025 chapter 123: final emergency-management decisions and utility shutoffs may not be left to artificial intelligence
Nevada requires the state emergency management plan, and each emergency operations plan adopted by a state or local government agency, to include provisions ensuring that final decisions on emergency response planning and on allocating res…
Laws 2025, chapter 35 (H.F. 2432), article 4, section 12: obscene AI-generated sexual images of a minor brought within the child pornography definitions (Minn. Stat. 617.246)
Minnesota's 2025 judiciary and public safety act amends the definitions in the statute on using minors in sexual performances (617.246) so that covered material includes an obscene depiction of an individual indistinguishable from an actua…
SB 2 (2025) — Connecticut An Act Concerning Artificial Intelligence (not enacted)
Connecticut's 2025 SB 2, An Act Concerning Artificial Intelligence, would have set requirements for AI systems, including disclosure of AI use to consumers, and created state AI programs.
SB 1346 / HB 1299, Public Chapter 466 of 2025: Preventing Deepfake Images Act (non-consensual intimate digital depictions)
Tennessee created a civil action and a crime for disclosing an intimate digital depiction of an identifiable person without consent.
Algorithmic Pricing Disclosure Act (N.Y. General Business Law § 349-a; Laws of 2025, chapter 58, Part X): disclosure of personalized algorithmic pricing
New York added a new section 349-a to the General Business Law through Part X of the FY2026 budget bill (S.3008-C/A.3008-C, signed May 9, 2025, as chapter 58 of the Laws of 2025).
SB 25 (2025) — Regulating deepfakes in election communications (Chapter 541, Laws of 2025)
Regulates the use of deepfakes in election and electioneering communications in Montana.
SB 226 (2025) — Artificial Intelligence Consumer Protection Amendments
Utah SB 226, Artificial Intelligence Consumer Protection Amendments (Laws of Utah 2025, chapter 465), signed on March 27, 2025, and effective May 7, 2025, replaced the 2024 generative-AI disclosure section with a new chapter (now Utah Code…
HB 452 (2025) — Artificial Intelligence Amendments (mental health chatbots)
Utah HB 452, Artificial Intelligence Amendments (Laws of Utah 2025, chapter 269), signed on March 25, 2025, and effective May 7, 2025, added a chapter on mental health chatbots (Utah Code 13-72a).
SB 180 — Law Enforcement Usage of Artificial Intelligence
Requires every Utah law enforcement agency to have a policy on its employees' use of generative AI, covering which generative AI tools may be used, the tasks for which use is permitted, the importance of reviewing AI-generated content, and…
HB 178 (2025) — Limiting government use of artificial intelligence systems (Chapter 427, Laws of 2025)
Bars Montana state and local government entities and state officers from using AI systems for cognitive behavioral manipulation, for classifying people in ways that cause unlawful discrimination or disparate impact, for malicious purposes,…
SB 186 (2025) — AI-generated and morphed sexual depictions of children (contents originally in HB 2183)
Brings visual depictions that are indistinguishable from a real child, morphed from a real child's image, or generated without any actual child within Kansas's crimes of sexual exploitation of a child, unlawful transmission of a visual dep…
Attorney General Consumer Alert: Protect Yourself from Deepfake Telemarketing Scams (April 18, 2025)
The District's Attorney General warned residents, especially seniors, about telemarketing scams that use AI-generated audio and video to impersonate relatives, friends, businesses or officials, often to obtain emergency payments, financial…
SB 212 (Chapter 150, Laws of 2025) — Right to Compute Act
Montana's Right to Compute Act (SB 212, Chapter 150, Laws of 2025), signed on April 16, 2025, and effective on passage and approval, provides that government actions restricting the private ownership or use of computational resources for l…
P.L.2025, c.40 (A3540): civil and criminal penalties for producing and disseminating deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes)
New Jersey made it a third-degree crime for a person to create, or cause to be created, deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes) to attempt or further any crime or offense, and to solicit, disclose or use such media for that purpose; kn…
SB 164 (2025), Session Laws 2025, chapter 68: deepfakes used to influence elections
South Dakota prohibits disseminating a deepfake, or contracting to disseminate one, with intent to injure a candidate within ninety days of an election, where the person knows or reasonably should know it is a deepfake and it lacks the req…
SB 332 — Artificial Intelligence Revisions (extends the repeal date of Utah's Artificial Intelligence Policy Act)
Moves the automatic repeal of Utah's Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (Utah Code Title 13, Chapter 72, enacted by SB 149 in 2024) from May 2025 to July 1, 2027.
SB 4 (2025 Acts Ch. 66) — Kentucky AI governance for state government, and synthetic media in electioneering communications
Kentucky SB 4 (2025 Acts Chapter 66) requires the Commonwealth Office of Technology to set and implement policy standards for state agencies' use of AI and creates an Artificial Intelligence Governance Committee to set procedures for the u…
Bulletin of March 18, 2025: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (Wisconsin adoption of the NAIC Model Bulletin)
The state insurance regulator has issued a bulletin, based on the NAIC Model Bulletin on the Use of AI Systems by Insurers, reminding insurers that decisions affecting consumers that are made or supported by AI systems must comply with exi…
New York State Department of Labor: WARN filings ask whether a layoff is related to AI or other technological change
Since March 2025, employers filing a mass layoff or closing notice in the New York State Department of Labor's WARN system have been asked whether the layoff is related to technological change, including AI.
S822 (Chapter 96 of 2025) — State agency automated employment decision tools disclosure and AI inventory
A chapter amendment to New York's 2024 law on automated decision-making by state agencies.
Bulletin No. 25-03: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (New Jersey adoption of the NAIC Model Bulletin)
New Jersey's Department of Banking and Insurance issued a bulletin, based on the NAIC Model Bulletin on the use of AI systems by insurers, reminding all insurers authorized in the state that decisions affecting consumers that are made or s…
Domestic and Foreign Insurers Bulletin No. 148: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Delaware Department of Insurance)
The Delaware Department of Insurance issued Domestic and Foreign Insurers Bulletin No.
California Attorney General's Legal Advisory on the Application of Existing California Laws to Artificial Intelligence (January 13, 2025)
The California Attorney General issued a legal advisory explaining how existing state law applies to entities that develop, sell or use AI, covering the Unfair Competition Law, the False Advertising Law, the Cartwright Act and other compet…
California Attorney General's Legal Advisory on the Application of Existing California Law to Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare (January 13, 2025)
The California Attorney General's second advisory of January 13, 2025, addresses health-care providers, insurers, vendors, investors and other health-care entities that develop, sell or use AI and other automated decision systems.
Guidance on Algorithmic Discrimination and the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (Attorney General and Division on Civil Rights, January 2025)
The New Jersey Attorney General and the Division on Civil Rights issued guidance explaining how the Law Against Discrimination applies to discrimination that results from automated decision-making tools, including AI, used by employers, ho…
What you should know about how Oregon's laws may affect your company's use of Artificial Intelligence (Attorney General guidance, December 24, 2024)
Guidance from Oregon Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum, prepared by Department of Justice staff, explaining that Oregon's existing consumer protection, privacy and anti-discrimination laws apply to businesses that develop, sell or use AI.
Bulletin 24-B-19: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the North Carolina Department of Insurance)
The North Carolina Department of Insurance issued Bulletin 24-B-19 on December 18, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
Bulletin 2024-10: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Massachusetts Division of Insurance)
The Massachusetts Division of Insurance issued Bulletin 2024-10 on December 9, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
Nevada executive branch Policy on the Responsible and Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence (effective November 26, 2024)
A policy of the Governor's Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO) that sets minimum standards for the use of AI across Nevada's executive branch, effective November 26, 2024.
Bulletin No. 2024-11: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Oklahoma Insurance Department)
The Oklahoma Insurance Department issued Bulletin No.
Bulletin 24-04: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Iowa Insurance Division)
The Iowa Insurance Division issued Bulletin 24-04 on November 7, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
SB 1213 (2023-2024), Act 125 of 2024: AI-generated sexual depictions and child sexual abuse material
Pennsylvania extended its crime of unlawful dissemination of intimate images to artificially generated sexual depictions: visual depictions that appear to authentically show a person nude or in sexual conduct that did not occur, produced s…
Guiding Principles for the Elimination and Prevention of Artificial Intelligence Bias and Discrimination (Michigan Civil Rights Commission resolution, October 21, 2024)
The Michigan Civil Rights Commission, the constitutional body whose operational arm is the Michigan Department of Civil Rights, passed a resolution on October 21, 2024, adopting guiding principles on AI bias and discrimination for publicat…
HB 168 — Alabama Child Protection Act of 2024 (AI-generated child sexual abuse material)
Alabama's Child Protection Act of 2024 rewrote the state's child sexual abuse material offenses so that they also reach a "virtually indistinguishable depiction": an image made or altered by digital, computer-generated or other means that…
HB 172 — Alabama distribution of materially deceptive media in elections
Alabama HB 172 (2024 Regular Session) makes it a crime to distribute, within 90 days before an election, AI-generated media that the distributor knows falsely depicts a person, in an attempt to influence the election.
SB 1359 (Laws 2024, Ch. 199) — Arizona deceptive deepfakes of candidates within 90 days of an election
Arizona SB 1359 (Laws 2024, Chapter 199) bars a person acting as a creator, within 90 days before an election, from creating and distributing synthetic media that the person knows is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate on th…
West Virginia Insurance Bulletin No. 24-06: Artificial Intelligence Systems (based on the NAIC Model Bulletin)
The Offices of the West Virginia Insurance Commissioner issued Insurance Bulletin No.
Bulletin 2024-20-INS: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services)
The Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services issued Bulletin 2024-20-INS on August 7, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
HB 919 (2024) — Artificial Intelligence Use in Political Advertising (Chapter 2024-126)
Requires certain political advertisements, electioneering communications and other miscellaneous advertisements that use AI-generated content to carry a specified disclaimer, sets requirements for the disclaimer, provides criminal and civi…
SB 818 (Chapter 496 of 2024) — Artificial Intelligence Governance Act of 2024
Maryland's Artificial Intelligence Governance Act of 2024 (SB 818, Chapter 496), approved by the Governor on May 9, 2024, and effective July 1, 2024, applies to units of State government.
Rhode Island Data Transparency and Privacy Protection Act (P.L. 2024, ch. 430 and ch. 453; R.I. Gen. Laws 6-48.1): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Rhode Island's comprehensive consumer privacy law, enacted in identical bills in June 2024 (S 2500 Sub A, P.L.
Guidance Document IGD-H1: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Nebraska Department of Insurance)
The Nebraska Department of Insurance issued Guidance Document IGD-H1 on June 11, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
Minnesota Consumer Data Privacy Act (Laws 2024, chapter 121, article 5; Minn. Stat. 325M.10 to 325M.21): profiling opt-out and the right to question a profiling result
Minnesota's comprehensive consumer privacy law, enacted in the 2024 commerce omnibus (H.F.
HB 2394 (Laws 2024, Ch. 193) — Arizona digital impersonation: declaratory relief
Arizona HB 2394 (Laws 2024, Chapter 193) lets a candidate for public or party office, or any Arizona citizen, sue over a "digital impersonation" (realistic synthetic media) of themselves that was published without consent.
Bulletin 24-IB-002-05/21: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (District of Columbia adoption of the NAIC Model Bulletin)
The District's Department of Insurance, Securities and Banking issued a bulletin, based on the NAIC Model Bulletin, reminding all insurers licensed in the District that decisions affecting consumers made or supported by AI systems must com…
HB 2325 / SB 2530, Public Chapter 988 of 2024: Tennessee Artificial Intelligence Advisory Council Act (AI in state government)
Tennessee created a 24-member Artificial Intelligence Advisory Council, co-chaired by the State Chief Information Officer and the Commissioner of Finance and Administration and attached to the Department of Finance and Administration.
Laws 2024, chapter 114 (S.F. 4097), article 3, section 78: medical debt collectors may not keep using AI chat bots after a debtor asks them to stop (Minn. Stat. 332C.02)
Minnesota's 2024 medical debt law (chapter 332C, enacted in the 2024 commerce act) lists practices a party collecting medical debt must not engage in.
SB 24-205 — Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act (consumer protections for high-risk AI systems)
Colorado SB 24-205 required developers and deployers of high-risk AI systems used in consequential decisions to use reasonable care to protect consumers from algorithmic discrimination, with risk-management, impact-assessment, disclosure a…
Maryland Online Data Privacy Act of 2024 (S.B. 541 / H.B. 567, Chapter 455 of 2024): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments for each algorithm
Maryland's comprehensive consumer privacy law (S.B.
SB 149 (2024) — Artificial Intelligence Amendments (Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act)
Utah SB 149, Artificial Intelligence Amendments (Laws of Utah 2024, chapter 186), signed on March 13, 2024, and effective May 1, 2024, created the Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (Utah Code Title 13, Chapter 72), the Office of Artificia…
Nebraska Data Privacy Act (LB 1074, 2024; Neb. Rev. Stat. 87-1101 to 87-1130): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Nebraska adopted its Data Privacy Act as sections 1 to 30 of LB 1074, a 2024 banking and finance omnibus approved on April 17, 2024; the privacy sections became operative on January 1, 2025, and are codified at Neb.
Attorney General Advisory on the Application of the Commonwealth's Consumer Protection, Civil Rights, and Data Privacy Laws to Artificial Intelligence (April 16, 2024)
Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell issued an advisory to developers, suppliers and users of AI and algorithmic decision-making systems explaining how existing Massachusetts law applies to them.
Insurance Department Notice 2024-04: Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers (Pennsylvania adoption of the NAIC Model Bulletin)
Pennsylvania's Insurance Department, adopting the NAIC Model Bulletin of December 2023, reminds every insurer authorized in the Commonwealth that consumer-affecting decisions made or supported by AI systems must comply with insurance law,…
Kentucky Consumer Data Protection Act (H.B. 15, 2024 Ky. Acts ch. 72; KRS 367.3611 to 367.3629): profiling opt-out and data protection impact assessments
Kentucky's comprehensive consumer privacy law, enacted as H.B.
HB 2091 / SB 2096 (113th General Assembly), Public Chapter 588 of 2024: Ensuring Likeness, Voice, and Image Security Act of 2024 (ELVIS Act)
Tennessee renamed and rewrote its 1984 Personal Rights Protection Act as the Ensuring Likeness, Voice, and Image Security Act of 2024.
Insurance Bulletin 2024-03: Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers (Rhode Island adoption of the NAIC Model Bulletin)
The state insurance regulator has issued a bulletin, based on the NAIC Model Bulletin on the Use of AI Systems by Insurers, reminding insurers that decisions affecting consumers that are made or supported by AI systems must comply with exi…
SEA 150 (2024), P.L.108-2024: Artificial Intelligence Task Force and state agency AI inventories
Indiana created an Artificial Intelligence Task Force as a temporary task force serving the General Assembly (IC 2-5-53.7).
Insurance Bulletin No. 229: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (Vermont adoption of the NAIC Model Bulletin)
The state insurance regulator has issued a bulletin, based on the NAIC Model Bulletin on the Use of AI Systems by Insurers, reminding insurers that decisions affecting consumers that are made or supported by AI systems must comply with exi…
HEA 1133 (2024), P.L.81-2024: disclaimers for digitally altered or AI-generated media in campaign communications
Indiana added a chapter on the use of digitally altered media in elections (IC 3-9-8).
SB 1711 / HB 1630, Public Chapter 550 of 2024: public schools and universities must adopt AI use policies
Tennessee requires the University of Tennessee board of trustees, the board of regents, each state university board, each local board of education and the governing body of each public charter school to adopt a policy on the use of artific…
New Hampshire consumer privacy law (SB 255, Laws 2024, ch. 5; RSA 507-H, Expectation of Privacy): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
New Hampshire's comprehensive consumer privacy law, SB 255 (2024, chapter 5), codified as RSA chapter 507-H ('Expectation of Privacy') and in force since January 1, 2025.
HB 182 (2024), Laws 2024, Chapter 57: AI disclaimers for materially deceptive media in election advertising
New Mexico amended its Campaign Reporting Act to define artificial intelligence and to address materially deceptive media in elections.
Nevada Division of Insurance Bulletin 24-001: Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers (NAIC Model Bulletin)
The Nevada Division of Insurance issued Bulletin 24-001 on February 23, 2024, following the NAIC Model Bulletin on the Use of AI Systems by Insurers.
Bulletin Docket #INS 24-011-AB: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the New Hampshire Insurance Department)
The New Hampshire Insurance Department issued Bulletin Docket #INS 24-011-AB on February 20, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
Mayor's Order 2024-028: Articulating DC's Artificial Intelligence Values and Establishing Artificial Intelligence Strategic Benchmarks
Mayor Bowser set six AI values (clear benefit to the people, safety and equity, accountability, transparency, sustainability, and privacy and cybersecurity) that District agencies must apply before deploying an AI tool.
Bulletin B 24-01: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Insurance (NAIC Model Bulletin adopted by the Alaska Division of Insurance)
The Alaska Division of Insurance issued Bulletin B 24-01 on February 1, 2024, its version of the NAIC Model Bulletin on insurers' use of AI.
P.L.2023, c.266 (S332): New Jersey consumer data privacy law, including the right to opt out of profiling and data protection assessments
New Jersey's comprehensive consumer data privacy law gives consumers a right to opt out of the processing of their personal data for targeted advertising, for sale, and for profiling in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or simila…
Ohio DAS Administrative Policy IT-17: Use of Artificial Intelligence in State of Ohio Solutions
Ohio's Department of Administrative Services issued a statewide policy setting planning, implementation, procurement, security, privacy and governance requirements for AI use by agencies, boards and commissions under the Governor.
Executive Order No. 346 (2023): Artificial Intelligence Task Force and executive-branch AI use policy
Governor Murphy established an Artificial Intelligence Task Force, co-chaired by the Chief Technology Officer, the Chief Innovation Officer and the head of the Economic Development Authority, to study emerging AI and recommend government a…
Georgia Technology Authority policy PS-23-001: Enterprise Artificial Intelligence Responsible Use (state agencies)
The Georgia Technology Authority (GTA), acting under its general powers in O.C.G.A.
Executive Order 2023-19: Expanding and Governing Generative Artificial Intelligence Within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Governor Shapiro's executive order sets standards and a governance framework for state agencies' use of generative AI.
Delaware Personal Data Privacy Act (6 Del. C. ch. 12D; 84 Del. Laws c. 197), as amended by HB 380 (85 Del. Laws c. 463): profiling opt-out, profiling assessments and adverse-action duties
Delaware's comprehensive consumer privacy law (HB 154 of 2023) took effect on January 1, 2025.
Oregon Consumer Privacy Act (SB 619, Oregon Laws 2023, chapter 369; ORS 646A.570 to 646A.589): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Oregon's comprehensive consumer privacy law, enacted as SB 619 (Oregon Laws 2023, chapter 369) and in force since July 1, 2024.
NYC Local Law 144 of 2021 — Automated Employment Decision Tools
New York City Local Law 144 of 2021 (Int.
Texas Data Privacy and Security Act (H.B. 4, 88th Leg., ch. 995; Tex. Bus. & Com. Code ch. 541): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Texas's comprehensive consumer privacy law, passed as H.B.
Florida Digital Bill of Rights (Fla. Stat. 501.701 to 501.722; ch. 2023-201, CS/CS/SB 262): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Florida's Digital Bill of Rights, enacted in SB 262 (chapter 2023-201) and in force since July 1, 2024, gives consumers rights against a narrowly defined set of controllers: for-profit businesses with more than $1 billion in global gross a…
H.F. 1370 / Laws 2023, chapter 58: deep fakes in elections (Minn. Stat. 609.771) and nonconsensual sexual deep fakes (604.32, 617.262), as amended by Laws 2024, chapter 112
Minnesota's 2023 deep fake act created three provisions.
Montana Consumer Data Privacy Act (SB 384, Ch. 681, L. 2023, amended by SB 297, Ch. 567, L. 2025; Mont. Code Ann. 30-14-2801 et seq.): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Montana's comprehensive consumer privacy law (SB 384, 2023), codified at Mont.
HB 1181 / SB 73, Public Chapter 408 of 2023: Tennessee Information Protection Act (consumer privacy, including the right to opt out of profiling)
Tennessee's comprehensive consumer privacy law.
Indiana Consumer Data Protection Act (SEA 5, 2023; IC 24-15): profiling opt-out and data protection impact assessments
Indiana's comprehensive consumer privacy law (Senate Enrolled Act 5 of 2023, IC 24-15), in force since January 1, 2026, applies to persons doing business in Indiana or targeting its residents that control or process personal data of at lea…
Connecticut Data Privacy Act (PA 22-15; Conn. Gen. Stat. 42-515 et seq.), as amended by PA 25-113 (SB 1295) and PA 26-64 (SB 4): profiling opt-out, right to question a profiling result, impact assessments
Connecticut's comprehensive consumer privacy law (PA 22-15, codified at sections 42-515 et seq.) took effect on July 1, 2023, with an opt-out of profiling in furtherance of solely automated decisions with legal or similarly significant eff…
Colorado Privacy Act (SB 21-190; C.R.S. 6-1-1301 et seq.) and Attorney General rules (4 CCR 904-3, Part 9): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Colorado's comprehensive consumer privacy law (SB 21-190), in force since July 1, 2023, applies to entities doing business in Colorado or targeting its residents that control or process the personal data of at least 100,000 consumers a yea…
Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (2021 Sp. Sess. I, c. 35; Va. Code 59.1-575 et seq.): profiling opt-out and data protection assessments
Virginia's comprehensive consumer privacy law, approved on March 2, 2021 (HB 2307, 2021 Special Session I, chapter 35) and in force since January 1, 2023.
HB 1202 (2020), Chapter 446: facial recognition services in job interviews (Labor and Employment § 3-717)
Maryland's HB 1202 of 2020 (Chapter 446) added § 3-717 to the Labor and Employment Article.
SB 337 (2020): falsely created nude or sexually explicit images added to Georgia's invasion-of-privacy offense (O.C.G.A. 16-11-90)
Georgia amended Code section 16-11-90, which prohibits electronically transmitting or posting nude or sexually explicit images of an adult without consent, so that it also covers a 'falsely created videographic or still image' of the perso…
HB 2557 (P.A. 101-0260), Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act (820 ILCS 42), amended by P.A. 102-0047
Illinois's Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act (820 ILCS 42, Public Act 101-0260, HB 2557) applies to employers that ask applicants for positions based in Illinois to record video interviews and use artificial intelligence to analy…
SB 1001 (Ch. 892, Stats. 2018) — California bot disclosure law (Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17940–17943)
California SB 1001 (2018) makes it unlawful to use a bot to communicate or interact with a person in California online with intent to mislead them about its artificial identity, in order to incentivize a purchase or sale in a commercial tr…
HB 2094 (2025) — High-Risk Artificial Intelligence Developer and Deployer Act (vetoed)
Virginia HB 2094, the High-Risk Artificial Intelligence Developer and Deployer Act, passed the General Assembly in February 2025 (the Senate vote was 21 to 19) and was vetoed by Governor Glenn Youngkin on March 24, 2025.
KI-Marktüberwachungs-und-Innovationsförderungs-Gesetz (KI-MIG) of July 22, 2026 (BGBl. 2026 I Nr. 223), implementing the EU AI Act
The KI-MIG sets Germany's enforcement structure for the EU AI Act.
Malaysia: National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics (AIGE, 2024); National AI Action Plan 2026-2030 (unveiled July 2026); Malaysia Digital Action Plan 2030
Malaysia has no binding AI statute. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation launched the National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics in September 2024; they are voluntary and set seven principles for responsible AI.
Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Act 2026 (No. 31 of 2026) + S.I. No. 366/2025 (authority designations) + EU AI Act
Ireland uses a distributed model: existing sectoral regulators supervise the AI Act in their domains, coordinated by a new central body.
Draft Act on Artificial Intelligence (ETDA, July 2026 draft); earlier Draft Principles of the AI Law (2025) and 2022 draft Royal Decree on AI business operations
Thailand has no AI statute. On July 2, 2026, the Electronic Transactions Development Agency released a new draft Act on Artificial Intelligence for a public hearing of about 30 days.
UAE: National AI Strategy 2031 and UAE Charter for the Development and Use of AI (non-binding); Abu Dhabi Law No. 3 of 2024 (AIATC); Federal Authority for AI and Data (announced June 14, 2026)
The UAE governs AI through strategy, guidance and institutions rather than a horizontal AI statute.
AI for All – Canada's National AI Strategy (June 2026); Voluntary Code of Conduct on Advanced Generative AI Systems (Sept 2023); no binding federal AI law
Canada has no binding federal AI law. The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act was part of Bill C-27, which died at committee stage when the parliamentary session ended on January 6, 2025.
Proyecto de Ley Orgánica para el buen uso y la gobernanza de la inteligencia artificial (Congreso 121/000096), lapsed; the EU AI Act applies directly
Spain's government bill to give national effect to the EU AI Act was approved by the Council of Ministers on May 26, 2026, and sent to the Congreso, where it was referred to the Economy, Trade and Digital Transformation Committee with an a…
EU AI Act + Uitvoeringswet verordening artificiële intelligentie (Uvai, draft implementing bill)
The Netherlands missed the August 2025 deadline to designate AI Act authorities and published its draft implementing act (Uvai) for consultation on April 20, 2026, with responses due by June 1, 2026.
IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026 (synthetic media labelling); India AI Governance Guidelines
India has no AI statute. On February 10, 2026, MeitY notified amendments to the IT Rules 2021 that bring synthetically generated information (deepfakes and other AI-generated audio-visual content) into intermediaries' due-diligence duties,…
EU AI Act (directly applicable); national authority designations in the DDADUE bill (adopted by the Senate 18 Feb 2026, pending in the National Assembly)
The EU AI Act applies directly in France, but France missed the August 2, 2025, deadline to designate its national authorities.
Ley Nacional para Regular el Uso de la Inteligencia Artificial (Senate initiative, Feb 2026) and other pending AI bills; AI labor and copyright reform (in force May 2026)
Mexico has no general AI law. Several initiatives are pending, among them the Ley Nacional para Regular el Uso de la Inteligencia Artificial, filed in the Senate on February 11, 2026, by Senator Karina Isabel Ruiz Ruiz (Morena) and referre…
Draft Presidential Regulations (Perpres) on AI Ethics and on the National AI Roadmap (not yet signed)
Indonesia has no binding AI regulation yet.
Singapore: Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI (IMDA, 2026) and MAS Guidelines on Artificial Intelligence Risk Management (final, 2026)
Singapore governs AI mainly through guidance rather than statute.
Artificial Intelligence Basic Act
Taiwan's AI Basic Act is a framework law.
Law on Artificial Intelligence, No. 134/2025/QH15
Vietnam's Law on Artificial Intelligence, passed on December 10, 2025, is the country's first dedicated AI statute.
No AI-specific law. Voluntary AI Safety Standard (Sept 2024), evolved into the Guidance for AI Adoption (Oct 2025); National AI Plan (2 Dec 2025); Privacy Act automated-decision transparency duty from 10 Dec 2026
Australia has no AI-specific statute. The Voluntary AI Safety Standard (10 voluntary guardrails, September 2024) was simplified in October 2025 into the Guidance for AI Adoption, which sets out 6 essential practices.
Law No. 132 of September 23, 2025 (Disposizioni e deleghe al Governo in materia di intelligenza artificiale) + EU AI Act
Law 132/2025 sets national rules alongside the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) in areas left to member states.
KI-loven (draft Norwegian AI Act implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 via the EEA)
Norway will bring the EU AI Act into its law through a new national act, the KI-loven, once the regulation is incorporated into the EEA Agreement.
Act on the Promotion of Research and Development and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-Related Technologies (AI Promotion Act, Act No. 53 of 2025)
Japan's AI Promotion Act is a framework law that favours innovation.
Act on supplementary provisions to the AI Regulation (Lov nr. 467 af 14. maj 2025), implementing the EU AI Act
Denmark was one of the first EU member states to legislate for the EU AI Act.
Saudi Arabia: draft Global AI Hub Law (CST public consultation, April-May 2025)
Saudi Arabia has no AI-specific law. On April 14, 2025, the Communications, Space and Technology Commission (CST) opened a public consultation, running to May 14, 2025, on a draft Global AI Hub Law.
Kenya National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030; Artificial Intelligence Bill, 2026 (Senate; committee recommends not proceeding)
Kenya's National AI Strategy 2025-2030 was developed by a national working group under the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy, which scheduled its launch for March 27, 2025.
CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial; government AI bill PL 043/2025 Senado / 324/2025 Cámara (archived)
CONPES 4144, Colombia's National Artificial Intelligence Policy, was approved on February 14, 2025, and sets more than 100 actions to 2030 with an investment of COP 479 billion, organised around strategic axes that include risk prevention…
Planned legislation to implement the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (no consultation draft published as of this check)
Switzerland has no AI-specific statute. On February 12, 2025, the Federal Council decided to ratify the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and to make the amendments to Swiss law that ratification requires, w…
Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of Trust (AI Basic Act), Law No. 20676
South Korea's AI Basic Act combines support for the AI industry with baseline duties on trust, safety and transparency.
Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, Second Edition (2025-2030); Egyptian Charter for Responsible AI (2023); draft AI law (not checked)
Egypt's second National AI Strategy, for 2025-2030, was launched in January 2025 under the National Council for Artificial Intelligence and the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.
PL 2338/2023 – proposed AI legal framework ('Marco Legal da IA')
Senate bill PL 2338/2023 (author Rodrigo Pacheco) would set Brazil's general legal framework for AI.
EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), as amended by the Digital Omnibus on AI (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744)
The AI Act is the EU's risk-based AI regulation.
Yapay Zeka Kanun Teklifi (Artificial Intelligence Bill), TBMM No. 2/2234
Bill 2/2234 is a private member's bill submitted to Türkiye's Grand National Assembly on June 24, 2024, by an opposition deputy.
Israel's Policy on Artificial Intelligence Regulation and Ethics (December 2023)
Israel has chosen not to enact a horizontal AI law for now.
Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services (2023); Measures for Labeling AI-Generated Synthetic Content (2025); Interim Measures for the Management of Anthropomorphic AI Interactive Services (2026)
China regulates AI through departmental rules rather than a single AI law.
Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (ArgenIA, 2019); no AI statute. Related: executive bill replacing the General Companies Law (Ley 19.550) with 'automated companies' (pending in the Senate)
Argentina has no AI-specific statute. Its reference policy is ArgenIA, the national AI plan drawn up in 2018-2019 under the Secretariat of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation; it is a non-binding strategy covering talent, data, i…
United Kingdom: no comprehensive AI statute; Data (Use and Access) Act 2025; Crime and Policing Act 2026 (child sexual abuse image-generator offences, not yet in force)
The United Kingdom has no comprehensive AI statute and relies on existing regulators.
Artificial Intelligence Development and Regulation Act (House substitute bill consolidating 26 bills, 20th Congress)
The Philippine House of Representatives is drafting a substitute bill, the proposed Artificial Intelligence Development and Regulation Act, that consolidates 26 House bills, three resolutions and a privilege speech.
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